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Headline: Happy EID   Dear JAAP members we wish you all a very Happy and peaceful Eid. May Allah accept your good deeds, forgive your transgressions and ease the suffering of all peoples arround the globe.  10/08/2013     

 
 

 

 

JAAP Members

REG# NAME Son of / Daughter of / Wife of Institute of Work Picture
1 MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN BHATTI MR. SULTAN MAHMOOD HORTICULTURE RESEARCH INSITITUTE, (NARC), ISLAMABAD 
2 MR. SHAHID MEHMOOD BUTT MR. AZMAT ALI BUTT CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS) 
3 MR. MAZHAR IQBAL KHALID MR. GULAM SARWAR QURESHI PUNJAB FOREST DEPARTMENT (PFD) (FOREST) 
6 MR. MOHAMMAD TEHZIB HASSAN MR. ZAHOOR-UD-DIN INSPECTORATE OF MINES, LABOUR DEPARTMENT, PUNJAB. (MINES) 
7 MR. JAWAID SIDDIQ CH. MOHAMMED SIDDIQ PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
9 DR. NAYAMAT SHAH MR. REHMAT RAHIM NORTHERN AREAS HEALTH DEPTT. DIAMER CHILAS 
10 DR. ABDULLAH JAN PATHAN AL-HAJ ABDUL GHAFOOR INSTITUTE OF CHEST DISEASES KOTRI SINDH (ICD) 
11 MR. GHULAM FARID MR. MUNSHI KHAN WATER & POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (WAPDA) 
12 MR. ABDUL WADOOD QURESHI DR. ABDUL QUAYYOOM QURESHI LEATHER RESEARCH CENTRE (LRC) RETIRED FROM PCSIR. 
14 MR. NUSRAT JAMIL MR. JAMIL JAVED P.N.S.C. BUILDING M.T.KHAN ROAD KARACHI (SINDH) (PNSC) 
15 SYED MOHAMMAD SULEMAN SYED MASOOD AHMAD PAKISTAN POSTAL SERVICES CORPORATION ISLAMAAD-44000 (PPSC) (POSTAL) 
19 MR. GHULAM ALI MEMON MR. MOHAMMAD YAQOOB PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD) 
20 MR. NASIRUDDIN HUMAYUN MIR MOHAMMAD SHARIF ROYAL SAUDI NAVAL FORECES, KANB, JUBAIL 
25 MR. GHULAM AHMED MR. GHULAM MOHAMMAD KHAN DIRECTRATE OF CUSTOM AND EXCISE, RAWALPINDI (COUSTOM & eXCISE) 
26 PROF. KHWAJA AHMAD ABBAS KHWAJA LATAFAT HUSSAIN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
28 DR. RONADZAMAN KHANZADA MR. MEHER-DIL KHAN AYUB MEDICAL COLLEGE, ABBOTABAD (AMC) 
29 MR. ANWAR UL HAQ ANWAR MR. RAHMAT ALI HEAVY FOUNDRY & FORGE LTD. (HFF) (HMC), TAXILA 
30 MR. M. MUMTAZ HASSAN CH. SARDAR KHAN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
31 MR. SALMAN NABI MR. IQBAL NABI CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE ISLAMABAD (CBR) 
32 MR. AKHTAR HUSSAIN SHAH MR. NOOR HASSAN SHAH THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
35 MS.GHULAM SAIRA BEGUM MR. MANZOOR HUSSAIN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
36 MR. KAMRAN AHMAD VASFY MR. M. A. VASF PIA TOWN SHIP MEDICAL CENTRE (PIA) KARACHI 
38 MR.RASHID ANWAR CH. WALI MUHAMMED NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC) 
39 MR. S. RAFIQULLAH SHAH MR. KHUDA BUKHSH SHAH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ARC) 
40 SYED INAYATULLAH SHAH MR. S.M. ABDULLAH SHAH C.T.R.L. (PTCL) 
41 MR. KHALID PERVAIZ MR. ABDUL REHMAN SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (SURVEY) 
43 MR. KHALID TUFAIL MR. MUHAMMAD TUFAIL SURVEY TRAINING INSTITUTE, SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (SURVEY) 
44 MR. SHAUKAT HUSSAIN MR. MUHAMMAD FAZIL No. 1, PHOTO OFFICE, SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (SURVEY) 
45 MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD SAJID MR. SHAMSHER ALI THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
46 DR. BADAR US SAMAD MR. IFTIKHAR NABI PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SSIENCES (PIMS), 
47 CANCELED CANCELED  
48 MS. PRISCILLA MUKHTAR VICTOR MR. MUKHTAR VICTOR THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
50 MR. KHAWAJA SHUJA-UD-DIN MR. K. H. AMIR UD DIN (LATE) P.I.A. TRAINING CENTRE KARACHI AIRPORT KARACHI (PIA) 
51 SYED ZAFAR ABBAS SYED MOHAMMAD HANIF PAKISTAN STEEL, ZULFIQARABAD, KARACHI-75000 
52 MR. MOHAMMAD AFZAL MALIK MALIK SHAHRA KHAN M/O LABOUR, MANPOWER DIVISION, ISLAMABAD 
53 DR. MAHMOOD JAMAL HAJI JAMAL UD DIN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
54 MR. ABID HUSSAIN KHAWAJA MR. AMIR HUSSAIN KHAWAJA RADIO / T.V PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT, NSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY (AIOU) 
55 MR. MOHAMMED YAHYA MR. MUHAMMAD ISHAQ ABID ISLAMABAD AIRPORT ISLAMABAD 
56 MS. ZAINAB BIBI MR. A. K. QAZI FEDERAL GOVT. SERVICES HOSPITAL (FGSH) ISLAMABAD 
58 MR. M. TARIQ SHARIF MR. MOHAMMAD SHRIF MINISTRY OF INTERIOR 
59 MR. KHURSHID AHMAD MR. ABDUR RASHID GOVT. ELEMENTRY SCHOOL 
60 MR. MOHAMMAD NUSRAT JAVAID MR. MOHAMMAD SHABBIR KHAN F.G. BOYS HIGHER SECONDRY SCHOOL, SIHALA, ISLAMABAD 
62 MR. S. GUL BAGH ALI ZAIDI SYED MEHDI ALI ZAIDI THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
63 MR. ABDUL SHAKOOR (EXPIRED) MR. KHALIL UR RAHMAN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
64 MR. IJAZ SHAFI MR. MOHAMMAD HANIF NESPAK, 
65 MR. SHAHID PERVAIZ CH. MOHAMMAD DIN CIVIL DEFENCE OFFICE RAILWAY ROAD MULTAN 
66 SYED JAMAIT ALI SHIRAZI SYED DILAWAR HUSSAIN DIRECTORATE OF SOIL FERTILITY AND SOIL TESTING INSTITUTE, GOVT. OF PUNJAB, 
67 MR. MUHAMMAD HANIF MR. SHEIKH ALI DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION. 
68 MR. MUHAMMAD KHAN CH. MOAHMMAD SHAFI RAMDHAWA NARC, 
69 SYED AHMAD ALAM SYED AHMED ALI CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE (CBR) 
71 MR. K. M. ZUBAIR MR. H. K. RAFI UD DIN ENERCON 
72 SYED NADEEM GOHAR SYED GOHAR ALI pak. swiss training centre (PCSIR) 
73 MR. MOHAMMAD SHIFIQUI MR. MANZOOR ALIHI SURVEY OF PAKISTAN, RAWALPINDI (SURVEY) 
75 MR. IKRAMUL HAQ MR. ABDUL HAQ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH (NIH) 
77 MR. SHAHNAWAZ KHAN MARRI JUSTICE (RED) MIR KHADA BUKHSH MARRI INDUSTRIES DEPARTMENT, BALOCHISTAN 
78 MR. F.S. BHALLI CH. ALLAHDIN BHALLI  
79 MR. MUHAMMAD SARWAR CH. RAHMAT ULLAH POSTAL SERVICES CORP. HEAD QUARTERS (PSC) (POSTAL) 
80 MR. ABDUL MAJEED CHAUDHRY HAJI HASHIM UD DIN INTERIOR DIVISON FEROZEPUR ROAD LAHORE 
83 MR. ANIS ALAM SAEED MR. MOHAMMAD SAEED PRESS TRUST KARACHI 
84 MR. MUHAMMAD NASIM AKHTAR MR. GHULAM MAHBOOB MINISTRY OF TOURISM, (PTDC) GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN 
86 MR. SALEEM SULTAN DURRANI MR. SULTAN ZAFAR DURRANI  
87 MR. ABDUL AZIZ MR. ABDUL MAJID M.S.S.P. PINSTECH POST OFFICE NILORE ISLAMABAD 
89 MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL MR. MOHAMMAD ASLAM Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku 
90 MS. ALIA P. ROSE MR. NATHANIEL THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS). 
91 MR. ZAFAR IQBAL QURESHI MR. IQBAL HUSSAIN QURESHI DEPTT. OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION UNI. OF AGRI. FAISALABAD 
92 MR. MUHAMMAD SHAN KHAN MR. MOHAMMED RAHIM KHAN PAKISTAN TELEVISION CORPORATION LTD.(PTV) QUETTA 
94 MR. JAWED KISHWER MR. ABDUL RASHID FARM MACHINERY INSTITUTE P.O. (NARC) 
95 MR. SHAMIM UL SIBTAIN SHAH SYED BASHIR AHMAD SHAH (FO & S) NARC. 
96 MS. IFFAT RANA MS. ABDUL KHALI COLLEGE OF NURSING (PIMS). 
97 MR. MUMTAZ HUSSAIN MR. ALLAH DITTA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS ISLAMABAD 
99 DR. AMANULLAH ANSARI MR. MOHMMAD AZIM ANSARI OJHA INSTITUTE OF CHEST DISEASES 
101 MR. ABDUL ALEEM KORAL MR. KHUSHI MOHAMMAD KORAL CHILDERN HOSPITAL (PIMS) 
102 SYED ARSHAD HUSSAIN SYED ISHAQ HUSSAIN POULTRY PRODUCTION ASI, NARC, PARK ROAD ISLAMABAD 
104 SYED MOHAMMAD ILYAS SYED MOHMMAD SHARIF PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION CORPORATION (PTCL) ISLAMABAD 
105 MR. HIDAYATULLAH PARTAU MR. INAYYAT KHAN DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL DEFENCE, 
106 MS. TALAT JABEEN MR. SIBTE HASAN RTD( SP) JAMRUD ROAD N.W.F.P. PESHAWAR (NWFP) 
108 MR. SHER BAHADAR KHAN SHAH DAULLAH KHAN VALUE ADDED SERVICES BUSINESS DIVISION, PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION LTD. (PTCL) 
109 MR. IKRAM-UL-HAQUE CHAUDHRY MR. ABDUL AZIZ HUDNRI M.I.R.D.C., 125-A INDUSTRIAL AREA KOT LAKHPAT LAHORE 
110 MR. MOHAMMAD AFZAL MR. MOHAMMAD IBRAHIM PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES INSITITUTE, NARC, ISLAMABAD 
111 MR. MOHAMMAD ASLAM BALOCH MR. SHAH MIR KHAN  
112 MR. SHAHNAWAZ THEBO MR. MUHARAM KHAN FISH HARBOUR WEST WHARF KARACHI-2 
113 MR. ASAF ALI BHATTI MR. FAZAL DIN N.A.R.C., (NARC) 
114 MR. ASIF ALI BHATTI MR. ABDUL MALIK WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSITITUTE (NARC) ,ISLAMABAD 
116 MR. M. SHARIF ZIA CH. GHULAM NABI NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER, ISLAMABAD 
118 MR. MASROOR MOHSIN GILANI MR. MOHAMMAD MOHSIN GILANI APP, POST BOX #1258, ISLAMABAD 
119 MS. MUMTAZ BEGUM MR. AMIR KHAN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL P.I.M.S. 
120 MR. MUHAMMAD HANIF SHARIFF ADMIRAL MOHAMMAD SHARIF  
121 MOHAMMAD ALI JAN MALIK KHONAM SHAH DIRECTOR AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING TARNAB, PESHAWAR 
122 DR. MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI MR. MOHAMMAD ADUL RAFI NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC) 
123 MS. ABIDA SHEIKH MR. ABDUL AZIZ SHEIKH MINISTRY OF HEALTH 21-A G O R COLONY HYDERABAD 
125 MR. TAHSEEN ASLAM MR. S. H. MOHAMMAD ASLAM SEED RESEARCH PRG. F.M.I., N.A.R.C. ISLAMABAD 
127 MS. CLARA PASHA MR.G.M.PASHA (LATE) COLLEGE OF NURSING 
130 MR. KHALID SHAH BANGASH HAJI MAIN GUL SECRETARY, C & W DEPARTMENT PESHAWAR (C&W) 
131 MR. NAZAR-UL-ISLAM MR. BADAR HUSSAIN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (GSP) 
132 MR. ASIF MAJEED ABDUL MAJEED QURESHI NESPAK, 37-D NEW MUSLIM TOWN LAHORE (PUNJAB) 
133 MS. UMME KALSOOB ADEEL SYED MOHAMMAD ZAID P.A.R.D., PESHAWAR 
134 MS. SAGHIR BIBI HAJI HASSAN CHILDREN HOSPITAL COMPLEX 
135 MR. MUHAMMAD TAHSEEN MR. MOHAMMAD SADDIQ SHAUKAT KHANUM MEMORIAL CANCER HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTRE 
136 MR. NAVEED AHMAD PROF. MOHAMMAD ABDUL SALAM OMER GLASS INDUSTRIES PVT. 
137 MR. ZAHID MAHMOOD MR. M. SIRAAJUL HAQUE CUSTOM HOUSE JAMRUD ROAD PESHAWAR 
138 MR. NAZIR AHMAD KHAN MR. AHMAD KHAN AIRPORT SECURITY FORCE (ASF) KARACHI AIRPORT KARACHI 
139 MR. ABDUL SATTAR KHOKHAR MR. ABDUL AZIZ KHOKHAR (LATE) MINISTRY ENVIORNOMENT AND URBEN AFFAIRS 
140 MR. BEDAR ABBAS MR. GULAM ABBAS KHAN PLANNING COMMISSION, ISLAMABAD 
141 MR. SHAHZAD AHMAD MR. ALI AHMED KHAN S.B.F.C., (SBFC) 52-E DHODY BLDG. BLUE AREA ISLAMABAD (SME) 
142 MR. ZAFAR IQBAL JAVED MR. MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ATHORITY (CDA), ISLAMABAD 
143 MS. RIZWANA KIRMANI SYED SHABBIR HUSSAIN KIRMANI COLLEGE OF NURSING P.I.M.S. G-8/3 ISLAMABAD 
144 DR. IKRAM ULLAH MAJEED MR. ABDUL MAJEED ANIMAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE (NARC) I 
145 MR. SAQIB IQBAL MR. MOHAMMAD SIDDIQUE CHILDERN’S HOSPITAL PIMS, ISLAMABAD 
146 MR. PERVAIZ KHAN MR. JANGHIR KHAN UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION (UGC)., COMPUTOR CENTRE, H-9 ISLAMABAD 
147 MR. ABDUL JABBAR CH. NOOR MOHAMMAD PAKISTAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH CENTRE (PARC) ISLAMABAD 
149 MS. PARVEEN AKHTAR RAJA MR. RAJA KHAN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL P.I.M.S. G-8/3 ISLAMABAD 
150 MS. ZAHIDA PERVEEN MR. MOHAMMAD RAFIQUE THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL P.I.M.S. G-8/3 ISLAMABAD 
151 MR. SAHIB ZAMAN PIR SAKHI ZAMAN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL P.I.M.S. G-8/3 ISLAMABAD 
152 MR. RIZA ALI AKBAR HAJI AKBAR ALI KHAN RECLAMATION AND PROBATION DEPT. 
154 MR. TAUQIR AHMAD SHUJA MR. S. MOHAMMAD ZAKA ULLAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (GSP), 
156 MR. KHURSHID AHMAD KHAWAJA KHAWAJA ALI JOO F.G.S.H. (FGSH) ISLAMABAD 
157 MR. NASEER ALI KHAN MR. SAHIB ALI KHAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (GSP), 
158 MR. GULAM ABBAS MALIK MR. ALLAH DITTA KHAN MALIK PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY LTD. (CTRL) H-9/4, ISLAMABAD 
160 MR. ISHRAT TAJ WARSI MR. MOHAMMAD TAJUD DIN WARSI MAINTENANCE DIRECTORATE FACADE BLOCK-6 ISLAMABAD (CDA) 
161 MS. FARKHANDA MUKHTAR MR. ASHRAF ALI F.G.S.H. 
162 Dr. IFTIKHAR AHMED JAN MR. MOHAMMAD SULEMAN HEAD OF DEPARTMENT, pAEDIATRIC SURGERY, CHILDREN HOSPITal, pims. 
164 MR. NAEEM-UZ-ZAFAR KHAN LATE ZAFAR ALI KHAN THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL P.I.M.S. G-8/3 ISLAMABAD 
165 MR. FIRDOUS KHAN MR. ABDUL HAQ PAK SECTT. ‘A’ BLOCK ISLAMABAD 
167 MR. TAHIR ANWAR MR. MOHAMMAD ANWAR KHAN ECOTOXICOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUE, NARC, ISLAMABAD 
168 MR. MOHAMMAD ZUBAIR MR. MOHAMMAD AFZAL T.V TRAINING, PAKISTAN TELEVISION CORPORATION (PTV) 
170 MR. MUHAMMAD SAKHAWAT MR. SHAH DIN GEOSINCE LABORTARY, (GSP) 
171 MR. IBRAR UL HASSAN KHAN MR. MOHAMMAD CHIRAGH KHAN GEOSINCE LABORTARY, (GSP) 
172 MR. IFTIKHAR MUSTAFA KHADIM LATE CH. KHUSHI MOHAMMAD GEOSCIENCE LABORATORY (GSP 
173 MR. REHANUL HAQ SIDDIQUI MR. MOHAMMAD INZASUL HAQ GEOSCIENCE LABORTARY. (GSP) 
175 MR.TAHIR KARIM MR. ABDUL KARIM GEOSCIENCE LABORTARY. (GSP) ISLAMABAD 
176 DR. TARIQ MASOOD MR. MOHAMMAD SIDDIQUE FEDERAL GOVT. T.B. CENTER, RAWALPINDI 
177 MR. SHAUKAT MOHMOOD MIAN SARDAR MOHAMMAD HOME DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB, i.g. pRISONS (POLICE) 
179 MR. ARBAB JEHANGIR KHAN MR. ARBAB WALI MOHAMMAD KHAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS, P.E & D DEPTT. 
182 MR. AJAZ BASHIR JANJUA mr. MOHAMMAD BASHID JANJUA DESIGN CENTRE, H.M.C. TAXILA 
183 MR. MOINUDDIN MR. M. MUNIR KHAN RESEARCH DEPTARTMENT, STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN. 
184 MR. MOHAMMAD KALIM MR. MOHAMMAD HUSSAIN LATE B-72, SITE AVENUE, KARACHI 
185 MR. ABDUL MAJID MR. NASIR AHMAD BARD PROJECT N.A.R.C. (NARC) 
186 MR. MUHAMMAD AKBAR  NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC), ISLAMABAD 
189 MR. ZIA-UD-DIN KHAN QAMAR mr. AHMAD DIN HAIDER KHAN AIWAN-E-SADAR ISLAMABAD 
190 MR. ZAHID RASHEED MR. RASHID MOHAMMAD KHAN CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY TRAINING INSTITUTE (CMTI) 
192 MR. M. HABIBULLAH KHAN KHATTAK MR. M. GHALIB NOOR DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGIST MUESUM 
193 MR. NAJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MR. ABDUL JABBAR CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (cda) 
194 MR. HAMID RAFIQUE MR. MOHAMMAD RAFIQUE RAVI GLASS LIMITED 
195 MS. NAHEED KAUSER MR. UMER HAYAT AL-FARABI SPECIAL EDUCATION 
196 MR. MUHAMMAD SALEEM-UL-HAQ PROF. DR. INAMUL HAQUE KAUSAR TECH. TRADE TRAINING CENTRE TECH. MODEL SCHOOL, QUETTA BALOCHISTAN 
198 MR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF ANJUM CH. NIAZ MOHAMMAD POULTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (PRI) 
200 MR. S. M. SAQLAIN NAQVI MR. S. MUMTAZ HUSSAIN DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ARID AGRICULTURAL, 
203 MIAN MOHAMMAD NOOR AHMAD CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA), ISLAMABAD 
204 DR. INAYATULLAH KHAN MR. AHMAD HUSSAIN FACULITY OF AGRICULTURE GOMAL UNIVERSITY 
205 MR. MOHAMMAD IQBAL MALIK MALIK QADIR BUKSH LATE INSPECTION & INQUIRIES CENTRAL POLICE OFFICE, C.P.O. KARACHI (SINDH) 
206 MR. KHURRAM NAWAZ MR. MOHAMMAD NAWAZ EMIRATE BANK BLDG. 2ND FL.KASHMIR EGERTON RD.LAHORE (PUNJAB) 
207 MR. ZIA UR RAHMAD MR. ZAHID UR RAHMAN PROBE SCIENTIFC INTERNATIONL 
208 MS. SHAHIDA JABEEN MR. KHALID JAVED COLLEGE OF NURSING P.I.M.S. (PIMS) 
210 M. ASLAM SAGAR HABIBULLAH LATE RICE PRG. P.O. BOX 1031 N.I.H. PARK ROAD NARC IBD. 
211 Mr. Muhammad Tahir Anwar MIAN MOHAMMAD ANWAR Farm Machinery Institute (FMI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), I 
213 MS. SHAZIA MR. SULEMAN F.G.S. HOSPITAL 
216 MS. KAUSAR BIBI MR. MOHAMMAD YOUSAF CHILDREN HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD 
217 AZHER ALI BABAR FAKHAR MOHAMMAD BABAR P.T.C., 580-B, GILBERG-1, PESHAWAR (NWFP) 
218 MS. KULSOOM ISHAQ MR. SARDAR MOHAMMAD REHMAN EDUCATION EXTENSION CENTRE, MANDIAN, ABBOTTABAD 
220 FAROOQ RAHMAN SOOMRO ABDUL RAUF SOOMRO NEAR ATTATURK TOWER LARKANA 
223 MR. SHUJA AHMED JUNEJO MR. SHAMSHAD AHMAD IRRIGATION & POWER DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF SINDH, 
226 MR. MAHBOOB KHAN MANDOKHEL HAJI DIN MOHAMMAD C & W DEPARTMENT GOVT. OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA BALOCHISTAN 
228 MS. ISMAT KHADIJA MR. AZAM KHAN GOVT. ELEMENTARY COLLEGE, DARGAI, MALAKAND 
230 DR. TAI MOHAMMAD ABDUL HAMID DISTRICT TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL OFFICE, PESHAWAR 
231 DR. GHULAM SARWAR PIRKANI HAJI MUBARAK KHAN , BOLAN MEDICAL COLLEGE, QUETTA 
232 MR. IMTIAZ SADIQ MR. MOHAMMAD SADIQ PAKISTAN ENGINEERING CO. LTD (PECO), BICYCLE DIVISION KOTLAKHPAT WORKS LAHORE-54000 
234 SADAR UDDIN SIDDIQUI RAFI UDDIN PGRI, NARC, ISLAMABAD-45500 
235 MR. KANJI MAL MR. KACHROMAL (LATE) P.T.C. HQs. SECTOR, G-8/4 ISLAMABAD (FEDERAL) 
238 DR. RANA M. AKHLAQ RANA NOOR MOHAMMAD M/O LIVE STOCK &DAIRY DEVELOPMENT 
239 SYED MUHAMMAD ALI SYED AHMAD ALI PAKISTAN STEEL BIN QASIM KARACHI (SINDH) 
242 MR. SHAMSUL HAQ MEMON MR. MOHAMMAD ISMAIL MAMON SHAHBAZ BUILDING, BLOCK-A, HYDERABAD (SINDH) 
243 ZAHID HUSSAIN JANJUA RAJA MOHAMMAD AZAM OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ENGG.NAT.POWER CONTROL ISLAMABAD 
244 MR. MUHAMMAD LATIF MR.YAQOOB ALI BALOCHISTAN FOREST DEPARTMENT QUETTA 
246 ASIF SALEEM PARACHA MOHAMMAD SALEEM PARACHA DIR. OF AGRI. JAMROOD ROAD UNIVERSITY TOWN PESHAWAR (NWFP) 
247 MR. AZHAR HUSSAIN MR. ATHAR HUSSAIN DOW MEDICAL COLLEGE KARACHI (SINDH) 
249 MS. SURRIYA NAWAB MR. EMANUEL Feadral government services hospital (fGSH.) 
252 MR. MASROOR AHMAD QURESHI MR. MANZOOR AHMAD QURESHI PAKISTAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION 
254 MS. SURRAYA UMER MR. UMAR DIN FEDERAL GOVT. SERVICES HOSPITAL ISLAMABAD 
256 MR. HAMID MAHMOOD MALIK MOHAMMAD NAWAZ PAKISTAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (PAEC) 
257 MR. M. KHALID MAHMOOD CH. ATTA ULLAH BHALLI NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (PARC) 
258 MR. ABDUL GHAFFAR CHAUDHRY MALIK MOHAMMAD NAWAZ MONOPOLY CONTROL AUTHORITY (MCA) 
259 Syed TAJMMAL HUSSAIN SHAH MR. AMIR AHMAD SHAH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 
260 MR. WAHEED AKBAR MR. SAID AKBAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECH. EDUCATION (NISTE) 
262 MR. NASIM AKHTAR MR. MOHAMMAD ISMAIL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT, H.M.C. 1, (HMC) 
263 RANA MOHAMMAD SARWAR RANA RASHID AHMAD TEPA, LDA, LAHORE 
267 MR. QAISER ABBAS MR. MOHAMMED AFZAL KHAN CENTRAL CIVIL DIVISION II, PAK. (PWD) 
269 Mr. S. M. Hasan Zaidi MR. S. Muzaffar Ali Zaidi MINISTRY OF FOOD , AGRICULTURAL & LIVESTOCK 
270 MR. (DR) RASHID MANZOOR Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Economic Affairs Division (EAD) Government of Pakistan. 
271 MS. FARAH NAZ MR. M. SHAFI (LATE) FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL, F-6/1, ISLAMABAD 
272 MS. GHAZALA ASHRAF AWAN MR. ARSHAD AWAN F.G. GIRLS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL NO-1, G-6, ISLAMABAD 
273 MS. NABEELA SHAHEEN MR. Abdul Khaliq Bhatti (LATE) F.G.G. SEC. SCHOOL NO. 2, G 6/2, ISLAMABAD 
277 MS. ISHRAT JABEEN Raza Shahzad Zafar SATTI F.G. GIRLS SEC. SCHOOL, TARLAI, ISLAMABAD 
278 MS. SHABANA LIAQAT MR. Khan Liaquat Ali F.G. JUNIOR MODEL SCHOOL, 
279 MS. ZAIBI RIAZ MR. RIAZ AHMED SIDDIQUI FEADRAL GOVERNMENT SCHOOL, HUMAK, ISLAMABAD. 
280 MS. FARIDA JAVED Syed Ashraf Ali Polytechnic Institute for Women H-8 Sector, Islamabad (Federal) 
281 MR. SYED JAMAL AHMED ZAIDI Qari Syed Muzaffar Ali Zaidi (Late) Communication & Works, Dept. Punjab (C&W) 
282 MS. FARKHANDA NAZIR MR. Nazir-ud-Din POSTAL HIGH SCHOOL POSTAL COLONY QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN 
283 MS. NAVILA SADAF Mr. Mahboob Alam TAMEER-E-MILLAT MIDDLE SCHOOL, MITHA TIWANA, KHUSHAB 
285 DR. MAHMOOD ARSHAD MR. Faiz Ali Directorate of Health Services, Capital Development Authority (CDA) 
286 MR. ARSHAD HUSSAIN SHAIKH Noor Mohammad Shaikh Port Qasim Authority, Bin Qasim Karachi, Sindh 
287 MR. GHULAM ASGHAR ABBASI MR. Tayyabuddin Abbasi Planning & Development Division (P&D) Government of Pakistan, Islamabad 
288 MR. ABDUL GHAFOOR MR. Abdul Ghani Taxila Museum\ Taxila (Punjab) 
289 MS. SAMAR IHSAN BEG MR. RAZA MOHAMMAD IHSAN EAD, ‘C’ BLOCK, PAK SECRETARIAT, ISLAMABAD 
290 MS. QURAT-UL-AIN SHAHID MR. SHAHID-UR-RAHMAN  
291 MR. AZIZ-UR-REHMAN BABAR MR. JALIL-UR-REHMAN PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION CORPORATION LIMITED (PTCL) 
292 MS. FAUZIA YAZDANI MR. G. Y. BUTT 440, C BLOCK, EAD, PAK SECT. ISLAMABAD 
294 MR. GHULAM RAZA GULAM HASSAN P.M.D.C., SARGODHA ROAD KHUSHAB 
295 MR. ASGHAR ALI MOHAMMAD ALAM N.A.R.C. PARK ROAD P.O. NIH ISLAMABAD-45500 (FEDERAL) 
296 MS. IFFAT YASMEEN Mr. M. Iram Khan Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad (Federal) 
297 MR. MUHAMMAD ARIF CHAUDHRY Chaudhry Muhammad Sadiq D.I.G. (SECURITY) CABINET DIVISION, ISLAMABAD 
301 MR. ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN MR. Abdul Hamid Khan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) 
303 MR. SAJID MAHMOOD QAZI MR. Qazi Asif Mahmood MINISTRY OF TEXTILE. (OLD DEPARTMENT NATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY BUREAU (NAB) 
306 MR. SAQIB FARID MR. M. Iqbal Farid Pak Steel 
310 Syed Sultan Ahmad Gilani Syed Abdul Haleem Gilani D.P. Centre, Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) 
311 MR. MUHAMMAD AYOOB SHAIKH Muhammad Farid Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KWSB) 
313 MR. MAQSOOD AHMED Mr. Allah Rakha Planning Commission (P&D) 
315 MR. ARSHAD HUSSAIN BHATTI MR. SUFILAL DIN M/o Environment, LG&RD 
316 MR. MUNIR AHMAD MR. Muhammad Ali Ministry of Commerce 
317 Ms. Sadia Shakil Mr. Shakil Ahmad Polytechnic Institute for Women CHANGED PRIVATE ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY, RAWALPINDI 
318 MR. ABDUL MAJEED SOOMRO MR. Kauro Khan National Institue of Electronics (NIE) 
319 MS. Rizwana Shamsher MR. ANJAM NAZIR CH. Nishter Hospital 
320 MR. KHALID ALI SHAH Syed Muhammad Amin Shah Performance Audit Wing 
321 MR. GHULAM SARWAR Abdul Shakoor Federal Govt. Model School for Boys I-9/4, Islamabad. (FGMSB) 
322 MR. ANJUM RAZA Raja Lehrasap Khan Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan (CAA) 
324 MS. ASMA FAROOQUI S.A. Farooqui Sindh Madressa Tul Islam 
325 MR. JAWWAD UWAIS AGHA Dr. Abdus Sattar Khan Customs, Excise and Sales Tax (TAX) 
326 MR. MUHAMMAD ABBAS ZAIDI S. Zahir ul Hasnain Zaidi National Institute for Handicapped (NIH) 
328 SYED HAIDER ALI JAFRI Syed Abid Hussain Jafri 1. Economic Affairs Division (EAD) 2.THE PETROSIN GROUP 
329 SYED YAQOOB SHAH MR. Muhammad Ishaq Culture and Tourism Cell, Balochistan 
333 MR. ZAFAR IQBAL GONDAL MR. Ghulam Qadir Gondal NATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY BUREAU (NAB) 
335 MR. MUZAMMIL HUSSAIN mr. Yaqoob Ali maize, sorghum & millet program, National Agricultural Researh Centre (NARC) 
336 DR. QAZI SABIHUDDIN Qazi Ghulam Mushtafa Distt. Health Officer 
338 MR. ABDUL JABBAR MR. Hafiz-ud-Din National College of Textile Eng. (NCTE) 
339 MR. MUHAMMAD ASIF MR. Muhammad Ashiq Transport and Communications Section, P&D Division. (P&D) 
342 DR. UAMA ZAFAR Dr. Tariq Mahmood CAPITAL HOSPITAL (CDA) 
343 DR. NAHIDA KHAWER KIYANI Mr. Khawer Kiyani CAPITAL HOSPITAL, (CDA) 
344 DR. KHALID ANWAR Dr. Anwar Gul Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, NWFP 
345 MS. ANEELA KISHWAR Wilson John Public Health Facility and Teaching (PIMS) 
346 MR. ABID QUDDUS QAZI Qazi Abdul Quddos THE CHILDERN HOSPITAL P.I.M.S. G-8/3 (PIMS)ISLAMABAD 
347 DR. NASREEN ABRO Mr. Ashfaque Ahmed Soomro Sindh Govt. dispensory 
348 DR. ABDUL SAMAD Haji Per Muhammad E.D.O. HEALTH DISTRICT, HKUZDAR 
350 DR. ZAKIA KHALID Mr. Karim Bakhsh Khalid S.G.D. Sultanabad DHO WEST 
351 MR. KHAN ZEB MR.Fazal Hussain CHIEF Engineering WORKS & SERVICE Deptt. 
352 DR. RUBEENA YOUSAF Mr. Abdul Mateen Jehangiri RHSCA , WOMEN AND CHILDREN HOSPITAL (WCH) 
353 MR. ABDUL SATTAR MR. Juma Khan BOLAN MEDICAL COMPLEX Hospital, (BMCH) Quetta 
357 MR. ATTA MUHAMMAD JAMALI H. Gahi Khan Planning and Development Division (P&D) 
359 MR. H. MUHAMMAD ALI INDHAR MR. Faiz Muhammed Indhar Dept. of Income Tax, Govt. of Pakistan 
361 MR. MAHMOOD AMER SAEED Mian Muhammad Saeed National Highway Authority, (NHA) Ministry of Communications, Govt. of Pakistan (NHA) 
362 MS. TALLAT MASOOD Mr. Masood A. Gill Mayo Hospital, Lahore, 
364 MS. NASREEN AKHTAR Mr. Masood Akhtar First Women Bank 
366 DR. S. M. A. PASHA MR. S.M.Y. PASHA Fed. Govt. Services Hospital (FGSH) 
367 MR. RAO IFTIKHAR AHMAD Rao Yar Ahmad Home Dept. Govt. Of Punjab 
368 MR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM IQBAL MR. Muhammad Iqbal Vegitable Reserch Institute, (VRI) Faisalabad 
371 MR. AGHA ALI JAVAD MR. Hamid Ali National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) 
373 MR. Mushtaq Ahmad MR. Ahmad Imtiaz Khan Ministry of Industries & Production, Islamabad 
374 MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM TAHIR Haji Sheikh Farooq PCRWR, Ministry of Sc. & Tech. 
376 ENGR. IFTIKHAR ALAM KHAN MR. Muhammad Saeed Khan The Karachi Electric Supply CorpORATION . (KESC) 
377 MR. MUHAMMAD RAZA Ch. Muhammad Suleman Punjab Mineral DevELOPMENT CorpRATION (PMDC) 
378 MR. GHULAM QADIE SHAH MR. Noor Muhammad Shah Forest, Worldlife & Environment Development, (FWED) Govt. of Sindh 
382 MS. NAGHMANA GHANI Mr. Abdul Ghani Malik Pakistan Institue of Development economics (PIDE) 
383 MS. ZAHIDA PARVEEN Ch. Muhammad Yaqub F.G. MODEL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS (FGMSG) 
384 Mr. Amir Nawaz MR. Gul Khan Pakistan Railways 
386 MR. Muhammad Ilyas Bhatti MR. Muhammad Abdullah Bhatti Department of Archaelogy & Museums, (DAM) Govt of Pakistan 
387 MS. SHANILA YASMIN Mr. Abdul Hayee sindh Agric. Univeristy TandoJam 
389 MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN Mr. Munshi Khan National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) 
390 MS. AYESHA ANWAR KHAN Mr. Muhammad Anwar Khan (Late) Pakistan Literacy Commission (PLC) 
391 MR. INAYATULLAH BALOCH MR. Ghulam Nabi Balouch Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (pbc) 
392 MS. AMNA BIBI Syed Muzaffar Shah Federal Govt. Services Hospital, (FGSH) Islamabad 
394 MR. M. ASLAM KHAN NIAZI MR. Saif Ullah Khan Postal Recuritment & Training Center GENERAL POST OFFICE, (GPO) ISLAMABAD. 
395 IMRAN RAOOF (EXPIRED) Abdul Raoof Ministries and Industries & Production 
399 Mr. Zafar Naseem Kiyani Muhammad Sarwar Ministry of Environment, Local Govt & Rural Development 
400 MR. Aasim Idrees Mr. Muhammad Idrees Collectorate of Sales Tax & Central Excise. (CBR) 
401 MR. MUHAMMAD ASIF TARIQ Gulam Rasool Communication and Work Dept., Govt. of the Punjab (C&W) 
403 MR. M. HUSSAIN CHAUDHARY Chaudhry Khusi Mohammad Ministry of Interior 
404 MR. SALMAN AHMED KHAN MR. Altaf ur Rehman Khan Hydrographic / Oceanographic Department of Pakistan 
405 MR. SALEEM SALEH MR. Muhammad Abu Saleh Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industries 
406 DR. IMRAN HAMEED Mr. Abu Hameed Khan MCH Centre , PIMS 
407 MS. RUBINA KAUSAR Mr. Nasrullah Khan Chatta PICU WARD, Children Hospital, PIMS, Islamabad. 
408 MS. KAUSAR IQBAL Mr. Haider W. Yaqub MCH Centre , PIMS 
411 DR. MUHAMMAD TARIQ MR. Hussain Shah Infections Diseases Hospital , Peshawar 
413 MR. MUAZZAM HUSSAIN SHAH Syed Masoom Shah WAPDA 
414 ENGR. ABDUL KHALIQ Malik Muhammad Afzal Pakistan Engineering Co. Lahore (LAY OFF FROM JOB) (PECO) 
416 SYED BURHAN UDDIN ABDALI Syed Zubair Uddin (Late) Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR) Labs. Complex Karachi 
420 MR. MUHAMMAD NASRULLAH MR. Gulam Qadir PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED (PTCL) 
422 MR. SHAHID NADEEM BALOCH MR. Giasuddin Baloch Federal Investigation Agency, (FIA) HQRS, Islamabad NOW SSP, ISLAMABAD 
423 SYED MUHAMMAD YAHYA Syed Ishrat Ali Sindh Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA) Govt. Of Sindh. 
424 MR . MUNIR AHMED CHAUDHARY MR. Bashir Ahmad Ministry Of MONIRITIES 
426 MR. MUHAMMAD ATTIQULLAH KHAN MR. Saadullah Khan National Agricultural Research Centre Park Road, Islamabad 
427 SYED SHAFQAT MEHDI Syed Abdul Haque DTR, PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION CORPORATION LIMITED (PTCL) 
428 MR. ALIEM KHAN MR. A. Haleem Khan Pakistan Post Office 
429 MR. MUKHTAR HUSSAIN TALPUR Mir Bahadur Khan Talpur Institute of Educational Technology (IET) 
430 MR. QAMAR AFZAL-UL-JAMIL MR. Mohammed Ishaq Post Office Department. 
432 MR. ZakA- ur- Rab Rana Dr. Abdul Rab Khan Central Jail Staff Training Institute (POLICE) 
434 MR. IMRAN ARIF MR. Arif Majeed Pakistan Machine Tool Factory Ltd. Karachi 
436 MR. KASHIF ANWER Mr. Anwer Hussain Khan (Pakistan Telecom. Company Limited) (PTCL) 
438 MR. IMDAD HUSSAIN MR. DIN MUHAMMAD HEAVEY MECHANICAL COMPLEX (PVT) LIMITED, TAXILA (HMC) 
439 MR. TARIQ MAHMOOD PIRZADA MR. PIR AMIR SHAH DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OFFICE 
440 MR. AAMIR IFTAKHAR AHMED MR. QAZI IFTIKHAR AHMED SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 
441 MR. M. SAIFULLAH QURESHI MR. MUHAMMAD TAHIR PAKISTAN MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION SALT MINES. (PMDC) 
442 MR. ZAFAR ULLAH KHAN MR. GHULAM RASUL PMDC SALT MINES KHEWRA 
444 MR. AAMIR RASHID BHATTI MR. ABDUL RASHID BHATTI PAKISTAN LITERACY COMMISSION, M/O EDUCATION 
445 MR. SALEEM HAIDER SHAH MR. MOHAMMAD SIDDIQ SHSH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT 
447 DR. NIAZ AHMED NAZ MR.MUHAMMAD AKBAR CAPITAL HOSPITAL (CDA) 
448 MR. ALAMGIR KHAN MR. MEHRBAN KHAN OFFICE OF CEA/CFFC, M/O WATER & POWER 
449 MR. SHAOOR ISLAM KHATTAK MR. NOOR WALI KHAN ENERGY WING, PLANING & DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, 
451 MS. NAFISA HANIF MR. MOHAMMAD HANIF AL – MAKTOOM SPECIAL EDUCATION CENTRE FOR BLIND, (SECB) 
452 MR. HAYAT ALI SHAH MR. FEROZ SHAH SARHAD TOURISM CORPORATION GOVT. OF NWFP 
453 MR. KHALID LATIF MR. MUHAMMAD LATIF NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HANDICAPPED, 
454 MR. BILAL AHMED AWAN MALIK MASOOD AHMAD BUREAU OF STATISTIC, PLANING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 
455 MS. NILOFER GHANI MR. ABDUL GHANI MOTHER & CHILD HEALTH CENTER, PIMS 
457 DR. JAMSHED HASAN KHAN MR. SAHIBDAD KHAN LAHORE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (LUMS) 
460 MS. SHAZIA MEMON HAJI INAYATULLAH MEMON MEDICAL PROJECT {SS(M)P} JINNAH POST GRADUATE MEDICAL CENTRE 
461 MR. AHMED NAWAZ MALIK HAJI GHULAM RASOOL PROSTHETIC ORTHOTIC CENTRE, 
462 MR. REHAN ALI KHAN SHAH ELAHI KHAN MARITIME SECURITY AGENCY 
464 SYED TAHIR HUSSAIN (EXPIRED) SYED AKHTER HUSSAIN INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, 
466 MR. SONO KHANGHARANI MR. VALAM KHANGHARANI THARDEEP RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 
468 MR. ANWAR UL HAQ BADAR MR. MUHAMMAD SHAFI PLANING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 
469 MR. SAEED AKHTAR KHAN MR. TEHMASAP KHAN NATIONAL ARIDLAND DEVELOPMENT & RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
470 DR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQ AFTAB MR. IMAM BAKHSH GOVT. OF BALOCHISTAN, HEALTH DEPARTMENT 
471 MR. ALLAUD-DIN-NUR-REHAN SHAH MR. MOHAMMAD ARIF KHAN M/O ENVIRONMENT LOCAL GOVT. & RURAL DEVELOPMENT 
472 MR. ASADULLAH MR. MUHAMMAD AMAN KHAN INCOME TAX HEAD QUARTER 
473 MR. HIDAYAT ULLAH MR. RAHIM SHAH PRIVATISATION COMMISSION, M/O PRIVATISATION 
477 DR. MUHAMMAD SHOAIB SUDDLE MR. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM SUDDLE BUREAU OF POLICE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 
478 MR. ZAKA ULLAH MR. MUHAMMAFD NAWAZ CENTRAL INSPECTOR OF MINES. 
479 MR. NISAR AHMED SHAIKH MR. MAHBOOB ALI AGRICURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF PAKISTAN, (ADBP) (Z.T.B.L), HEAD OFFICE , ISLAMABAD 
482 MR. MUHAMMAD SALMAN MR. INAYAT ALI NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES (NTC) 
483 MR. NAZIM-UD-DIN QAZI GHULAM MUSTAFA CIVIL VETERINARY HOSPITAL 
484 MR. EJAZ HUSAIN MALIK MALIK GULSHER KHAN FEADRAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (fIA) , RAWALPINDI ZONE, 
485 MR. KHIZAR HAYAT MR. GHULAM SARWAR SHAH DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR, TRANSPORT, INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE 
486 MS. RIZLA ZAREEN MR. MOHIB UDDIN SPARCENT, SUPARCO 
487 MR. AMJAD SAEED MR. ABDUL RASHEED (LATE) CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY 
491 MR. TALAT MEHMOOD ABBASI MR. AMIN ABBASI PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION AUTHORITY (PTA) 
492 MR. MUHAMMAD AUHAD BHATTI MR. M.A. SHAFOOR BHATTI HEALTH DEPARTMENT 
493 MR. KHALID HANIF MR. MUHAMMAD HANIF DISTRICT COORDINATION OFFICER. 
494 MR. TARIQ MAHMOOD KHAN MR. ZAFAR ALI KHAN CITY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT 
495 MR. ASHRAF ELLAHIE MR. ASGHAR ALI WAPDA 
497 MR. KHURSHID AHMED LEGHARI MR. MOHAMMAD MUSA KHAN PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY (PTCL) 
499 MR. HASNAT AHMED QURESHI MIAN RASHID AHMED PAKISTAN PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT 
500 MR. MUHAMMAD AZAM SIDDIQUI MR. M. ISRAFEEL ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
501 MR. AMIR KHAN KHAN AHMED GORAYA NATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION BUREAU (NRB) 
502 MR. ALAM ZEB KHAN MR. FATEH KHAN ESTABLISHMENT DIVISION 
505 MR. NAEEM AHMED MR. ALLAH DITTA O/O PROVINCIAL ELECTION COMMISSIONEROF PAKISTAN 
506 MR. ABDUL RAHMAN ARAIN MR. ALI HUSSAIN ARAIN ELECTION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN 
507 SYED SHABBAR ABBAS BUKHARI SYED ABID HUSSAIN BUKHARI ELECTION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN 
508 CH. ABDUL RASHID CH. ABDUL MAJID MINISTRY OF INTERIOR 
509 MS. MASOOMA ANJUM SYED QAMMAR SHABBIR mINISTRY OF INTERIOR 
510 MR. ABDUR RAUF KHAN MR. ABDUR REHMAN KHAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE 
511 MS. SHABNAM SHAHZADA SHAHZADA DIN KHAN CIVIL SERVICE ACADEMY 
512 MR. KHUSHNUD ALAM RAJPUT MR. M. SADIQ MINISTRY OF INTERIOR 
514 MR. ASIM IMDAD ALI CH. IMDAD ALI DCO OFFICE, 
515 MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE SH. MUHAMMAD RAMZAN EDO (FINANCE & PLANING) 
516 MR. WASEEM MUKHTAR CHAUDHRY MUHAMMAD MUKHTAR CHAUDHRY DISTRICT COURTS 
517 MS. SAIMA SAEED MR. MUHAMMAD SAEED DCO OFFICE, LAHORE 
518 DR. AMBER ALI KHAN MR. ALI KHAN DEPUTY DISTRICT OFFICER (REVENUE) DISTRICT GOVERNMENT, 
519 MR. NAJAM AHMED SHAH MR. AFTAB A. SHAH S& GAD, PUNJAB 
520 MR. ASIM IQBAL MR. MUHAMMAD MUNAWAR IQBAL ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OFFICE 
521 MR. MUHAMMAD AHSAN WAHEED CH. MUHAMMAD IQBAL S & GAD 
522 MS. REHANA FARHAT MR. ZAKA-ULLAH ASSISTANT DISTRICT OFFICER (REVENUE) 
523 MR. TARIQ ANWAR SIPRA M. ANWAR KHAN S & GAD 
524 MALIK ABDUL WAHEED MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE ASSISTANT DISTRICT OFFICE 
525 MS. SAAIMA YUNUS MR. MUHAMMAD YUNAS PIRACHA DISTRICT COURTS 
526 MR. SIBTAIN QADIR GHALLO IJAZ HUSSAIN TEHSIL MURIDPAL, ADMINISTRATION 
527 MS. SYEDA MALIKA MR. AGHA MUSTAFA ALI EX- PCS, S&GAD, GOVERNMENT PUNJAB 
528 MR. ASHIQUE ALI MR. MUHAMMAD MURAD ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 
529 MR. ASHOK KUMAR DHARMA MR. GORDHAN DAS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, PAKISTAN STEEL 
530 MR. IFTIKHAR AHMAD MR. GHULAM MURTAZA DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, GOVT. OF PUNJAB 
531 MR. ALTAF BAWANY MR. ABDUL MAJEED BAWANY BOARD OF INVESTMENT (BOI) 
532 MR. JAMIL AHMED MR. MUHAMMAD HANIF DIRECTORATE GENERAL , PAKISTAN POST OFFICE 
533 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI SHAH MR. ANIS – UL- HUSSNAIN M.S.S.P, P.A.E.C. 
534 DR. FARAH MASOOD MR. MUSHTAQ AHMAD MASOOD REVENUE ADMINISTRATION 
535 MS. AAMIRAH SAADAT NYAZEE MR. IMRAN AHSAN NYAZEE JICA PAKISTAN OFFICE 
536 MR. ZIA – UL – ISLAM MR. ZAFAR AHMED KHAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) 
537 MR. RIAZ AHMAD KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL FEDERAL FLOOD COMMISSION, MINISTRY OF WATER & POWER 
538 DR. GULSHAN MR. ABDUR RASHID KHOSA GTZ as a Technical Advisor for TB control Program (AJK) 
539 MR. ABDUL JABBAR ALI CH. ALI MUHAMMAD PAKISTAN RAILWAYS 
540 MR. RASHID AHMED SHAIKH MR. ABDUL GHANI SHAIKH INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL (PAEC) 
541 MR. NISAR AHMED MALIK MR. KARIM BUX NATIONAL REFINERY LIMITED 
542 MR. HAMID HUSSAIN MR. IBADULLAH COKE OVEN 7 BY-PRODUCT DEPARTMENT, PAKISTAN STEEL MIILL. 
543 MR. MUZAFFAR ALI SHEIKH MR. GHULAM SARWAR POLICE TRAINING COLLEGE (POLICE) 
544 MR. F. H. MUGHAL MR. GHULAM HYDER  
545 DR. QURATULAIN SYED SYED ASAD-UR-REHMAN BIOTECH & FOOD RESEARCH CENTRE, (PCSIR) 
546 MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL MR. DOST MUHAMMAD HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX LTD 
547 MR. RIAZ AHMAD CH. BASHIR AHMAD FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS 
548 MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM MR. NAFIS AHMED PAKISTAN ENGINEERING COORPORATION LTD. (PECO) 
549 SHAIKH IMTIAZ ALI SHAIKH ABBAS ALI (LATE) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LABOUR ADMINISTRATION TRAINING (NILAT) 
550 MR. ZULQARNAIN HUNAIN ANJUM CH. RUSTAM ALI NATIONAL RECONTRUCTION BUREAU 
551 MR. ASGHAR RAZA GARDEZI SYED MUHAMMAD RAZA SHAH PUNJAB POLICE 
552 MR. ASRAR AHMED KHAN MR. NAZIR MOHAMMAD KHAN PAKISTAN STEEL MILLS 
553 DR. MOHAMMAD TOFIQUE DR. MOHAMMAD RAFIQ SINDH GOVERNMENT SERVICES HOSPITAL, 
554 MR. PERVAIZ RAHIM RAJPUT MR. M.N.RAHIM OFFICE COMMANDANT, PUNJAB CONSTABULARY 
555 MR. KAMRAN KHAN GANDAPUR MR. HASHIM KHAN PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION AUTHORITY (PTA) 
556 DR. FAZLI HADI MR. MOHAMMAD SHUAB PAR HOTI DISPENSARY, 
557 MR. HAMED YAQOOB DR. S.M. YAQOOB S&GAD, GOVT. OF THE PUNJAB 
558 MR. FARHAN AZIZ KHAWAJA MR. ABDUL AZIZ KHAWAJA GOVERNOR’S SECRETARIAT 
559 MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL RANA RANA MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATIASICS, DATA PROCESSING CENTRE (FBS) 
560 MR. ANZAR AZIZ MR. BASIT AZIZ FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (FBS) 
561 MR. M. A. GHAFOOR SHAH SAID RASOOL SHAH MARINE FISHERIES DEPARTMENT 
562 MR. WAQAS ALI MAHMOOD MR. MAHMOOD-UL-HASAN MALIK BOARD OF REVENUE (CBR) 
563 MR. ZAFAR ALI BULEDI MR. QAISER KHAN SERVICES & GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT 
564 CAP (R) USMAN GUL LT. GEN (R) MUMTAZ GUL PLANING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, 
565 MS. MAHNA SHAD MR. KAMRAN ASAD LADY DUFFRIN HOSPITAL 
566 MR. ZULFIQAR ALI MR. ABDUL ALI WORKS & SERVICES DEPARTMENT 
567 MS. MARIAM INAYAT MR. INAYATULLAH KHAN SOCIAL WELFARE, WOMEN DEVELOPMENT 
568 MR. ZAFAR ABBAS MR. MOHAMMAD HAYAT LAK NATIONAL POLICE ACDEMAY 
569 MR. HAIDER ALI MR. HAMID ALI MARITIME SECURITY AGENCY 
570 MR. SULAIMAN SHAH MIAN MIAN MUHAMMAD YOUNAS SHAH BOARD OF INVESTMENT (BOI) 
571 MR. HUSSAIN MIRZA MIRZA MURTAZA BAIG REGIONAL DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS 
572 MS. RAZIA SULTANA MUGHAL MR. M. RAMZAN PUBLIC HEALTH SCHOOL 
573 MS. FARZANA ALTAF SHAH SYED SADDIQUE AKBAR SHAH PAKISTAN ENVIORNOMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 
574 MR. AMER LATIF MR. MUHAMMAD LATIF KHAN TEHSIL MUNCIPAL ADMINISTRATION 
575 MS. AMBREEN DURRANI MR. S. NAZIR HUSSAN RIZVI SOCIAL WELFARE OFFICE, PISHIN 
576 DR. QURRATULAIN HYDER KHAWAJA GHULAM HAIDER GE CLINIC, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 
577 MR. MASOOD SAFDAR GILL SAFDAR ALI GILL NATIONAL RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMME 
578 MR. SOHAIL AHMAD MR. MUZAFFAR DIN AHMED FAMILY PLANING ASSOCIATION OF PAKISTAN 
579 DR. ABDUL RASHID SHEIKH MR. ILLAHI BUX PLANNING, MONTORING AND EVALUTION CELL, HEALTH DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF SINDH 
580 MR. M. MASOOM PAHORE SARDAR NABI BUX KHAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GOVT. OF SINDH 
581 MR. MUHAMMAD SADIQ MR. ABDUL AZIZ COLLECTORATE OF SALE TAX & CENTRAL EXCISE, GUJRANWALA / CBR, REVENUE DIVISION 
582 MR. HAKIM KHAN MALIK ZARDAD KHAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION 
583 MR. SHAHZAD AHMED MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE APC & I CENTRE, PCSIR LABS. COMPLEX 
584 MR. KISHAN CHAND MR. ISARDAS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, SINDHREGIONAL OFFICE HYDERABAD 
585 MS. FARHANA NAHEED MR. IFTIKHAR HUSSAIN MEDICAL PROJECT, JPMC, KARACHI 
586 MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM MR. MOHAMMAD RAMZAN THE KARACHI ELECTRIC SUPPLY CORPORATION LTD. 
587 MR. AMANULLAH MR. SANAULLAH NPCC, NTDC (WAPDA) 
588 MR. TALIB HUSSAIN WASSAN MR. GHANWAR KHAN NESPAK 
589 MR. SHAKIR ULLAH KHAN MR. SAAD ULLAH KHAN NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION CORPORATION 
590 MS. NAGHMANA SARDAR MR. SARDAR HUSSAIN KHAN PROVINCIAL INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION (PITE) 
591 MR. SIKANDER AQEEL ANSARI MR. IQBAL AHMED ANSARI MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, LOCAL GOVERMENT & RURAL DEVELOPMENT 
592 MR. BASHIR AHMAD MR. SARDAR MUHAMMAD WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH PROJECT, INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, NARC 
593 MR. GHAFOOR AHMED mr. sultan ali (late) umeed-e-noor,h # 7, st. # 72, sector. f-8/3, islamabad 
594 MR. MUHAMMAD ATIF MR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM STUDENT TALENT EXCHANGE PROGRAMME, AFFILIATED WITH NTCSP, AL-FARABI SPECIAL EDUCATION COMPLEX, G-8/4, ISLAMABAD 
595 MR. SAJID AKRAM CHAUDHRY CHAUDHARY M. AKRAM F. I. A., LAHORE (FIA) 
596 MR. BASHARAT MEHMOOD SHAHZAD MR. INAYAT ALI F.I.A. 
597 MR. MEHR KHALIQ DAD LAK MR. MEHR KHUDADAD LAK FEERAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY ( F.I.A.) 
598 MR. SUMAIR SAEED MR. MUZAMMIL SAEED CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY 
599 MR. MUHAMMAD NADEEM EJAZ MALIK ALLAH BAKHSH ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
600 MR. IMRAN MOIN MOIN JAMEEL COMPUTER WING, DIRECT TAXES, CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE. 
601 MR. KAUKAB HASSAN NAQVI MR. BUNYED PLANNING COMMISSION 
602 MR. ISMAIL KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM KHAN FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS 
603 MR. SUHBAT ULLAH MR. REHMAT ULLAH education dept. 
604 DR. BASHIR AHMAD MR. BADSHAH GUL GOVT. MENTAL HOSPITAL 
605 MR. ZUBAIR EMRAN KHAWAJA  ROAD RESEARCH AND MATERIAL TESTING INSTITUTE, GOVT. OF PUNJAB, LAHORE 
606 MR. GHULAM SARWAR MR. ABDUL REHMAN SURVEY TRAINING INSTITUTE, SURVEY OF PAKISTAN 
607 MR. ABDUL LATIF MR. HUSSAIN BAKHASH ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION, (EAD) GOVT. OF PAKISTAN 
608 MR. B. A. NASIR CH. AHMED DIN NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY, ISLAMABAD 
609 MR. MANSOOR QADIR CH. GHULAM QADIR DIRECTORATE OF ANTI CORRUPTION 
610 MR. MUHAMMAD ARIF CHANDIO MR. GUL BAHAR KHAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS (ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION) (EAD) 
611 AGHA TAIMUR SHAH AGHA AMAN SHAH GOVERNOR SECRETARIAT, BALOCHISTAN 
612 HAFIZ AJAZ AHMAD JAFFAR SARDAR BAZ MOHAMMAD KHAN DISTRICT COORDINATION OFFICER, PISHIN 
613 MR. ABDUR RAHMAN MR. NOOR HASSAN PLANNING & FINANCE, LORALAI, BALOCHISTAN 
614 MR. KHUDADAD KHAN AGHA ABDUL QADIR ASST. DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER, QUETTA 
615 MR. NASEER AHMAD BALOCH MR. DAD MOHAMMAD PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN 
616 MS. RASHIDA BOKHARI MR. S. ISHRAT ALI BOKHARI FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (FBS) 
617 MR. MUHAMMAD AIN-UD-DIN MR. GHULAM RASOOL DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH & STATISTICS, CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE (CBR) 
618 DR. AZHAR HALIM MR. HALIMUDDIN PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED (PTCL), HEALTH UNIT 
619 MALIK NAVEED KHAN MALIK YUSAF KHAN FEDERAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (FIA) 
620 MR. ABDUL LATIF KHAN MR. KHAIR MUHAMMAD KHAN D.I.G POLICE MARDAN REGION, MARDAN 
621 MR. MOHD NOOR KHAN MR. SHER GUL DIRECTORATE OF FISHERIES 
622 MR. MUHAMMAD SHAUKAT (EXPIRED) MR. GHULAM MUHAMMAD M/O ENVIRONMENT LOCAL GOVT. & RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 
623 MR. QUTIB-UDDIN BHATTI MR. ALLAH DITTA SHIP REPAIR (DIVISION), KARACHI SHIP YARD & ENGINERING WORKS LTD. 
624 MR. MUHAMMAD MUNIR RANA MR. MUHAMMAD AKHTAR RANA COMMUNICATION & WORKS DEPARTMENT 
625 MR. MOHAMMAD ADIL MR. AURANGZEB WORKS & SERVICES DEPARTMENT 
626 DR. S. ABDUS SABOOH SHAH SYED ABDUR RAHIM SHAH DIRECTOR HEALTH SERVICES, D.G.H.S. OFFICE, KHYBER ROAD, PESHAWAR 
627 DR. SALEEM ANSARI MR. MOHAMOD IBRAHIM FEDERAL EPI/CDD-CELL, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH, ISLAMABAD 
628 MS. ZAREENA SHIREEN FAZLI DR. F.R.Y. FAZLI DEPARTMENT OF VIROLOGY, PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY DIVISION, NATIONAL INTITUTE OF HEALTH (NIH), 
629 MR. ZAHID HUSSAIN MR. GHULAM NABI QAZI FEDERAL WATER MANAGEMENT CELL 
630 MR. ANJUN SALEEM QURESHI MR. SIDDIQUE AKBAR DIRECTORATE OF GENERAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY INFORMATION CULTURE AND YOUTH AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF PUNJAB 
631 MR. JAHAN SHER MR. ABDUL LATIF KHAN DISTRIC OFFICER FISHIRES, FOREST, WILD LIFE & ENVIRONMENT, NWFP 
632 MR. M. IKRAM-UK-HAQ RISHI MR. BASHIR AHMED FEDRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (FBS) 
633 DR. MOHSINA SULTAN MR. M.H. GHANI (LATE ) MCH CENTER, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCINCES (P.I.M.S) 
634 MR. SAJJAD HUSSAIN CH. FAQIR MUHAMMAD PAKISTAN ENGINEERING COMPANY, KOTLAKHPAT WORKS, LAHORE (PECO) 
635 MR. ALI ASGHAR CH. M. HANIF NATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY BUREAU (NAB) 
636 MR. HIDAYATULLAH JAN MR. ABDULLAH JAN DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, FATA, NWFP 
637 MR. ASIF SAIFULLAH PARACHA MR. SAIFULLAH PARACHA CENTRAL POLICE OFFICE 
638 MR. ZAHOOR AHMED BALOCH MR. ABDUL HAMEED AGRICULTURE (eXTENTION) dEPARTMENT, 
639 MR. SHAUKAT ALI MR. SALEH MUHAMMED DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXTENTION BALOCHISTAN, 
640 MR. MUHAMMAD IJAZ DAR MR. MUHAMMAD ISHAQ DAR JOINT DIRECTOR (ELECTRICAL), PAKISTAN RAILWAY ACDEMY, LAHORE 
641 MR. SAJID RAHIM MR. RAHIM-UD-DIN HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN 
642 MR. M. SAJJAD MOGHAL MR. M. JAWAID MUGHAL SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 
643 MR. AHMED ABBAS MALIK MALIK MUHAMMAD ASHRAF AWAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION 
644 DR. RAJWAL KHAN MR. ARSH ULLAH KHAN EXPAND PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION, DIRECTORATE GENERAL HEALTH SERVICES 
645 RAJA SIRAJ AHMED CHANNA MR. KHAN MUHAMMAD AGRICULTURE EXTENTION DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF SIND, KARACHI 
646 MS. MUDDASSAR MUKARRAM MR. FAISAL KHAN PAKISTAN TELEVISION CORPORATION LIMITED,(PTV) PESHAWAR CENTRE 
647 SYEDA HUMA MAJEEB SYED NAJEEB HASAN ZAIDI SOCIAL WELFARE, WOMEN DEVELOPMENT & BAITUL MAAL PUNJAB 
648 MS. NAZNIN SHAD MR. ZAR SHAD PAKISTAN ACADEMY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 
649 MS. ANJUM FEROZ MR. RANA KHALID MEHMOOD FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD 
650 MR. ARIF MANSUR MR. SHAFI MANSUR DEPARTMENT OF THE AUDITOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN 
651 MR. ASIF MUMTAZ MR. MUMTAZ AHMED BHATTI PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCES (PCRWR). 
652 MR. ASADULLAH SOOMRO MR. ABDUL HAYEE SOOMRO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING WORKSHOP 
653 DR. FAYAZ -UD-DIN MR. SABIH – UD-DIN OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT OFFICER (AGRICULTURE EXTENSION), 
654 MR. TARIQ MAHMOOD KHAN MR. ABDUL HAMID SME BANK LIMITED (SME) 
655 MR. MUSTAFA KAMAL SHAH MR. KAMAL SHAH DIRECTORATE GENERAL MINES & MINERAL, NWFP, PESHAWAR 
656 MR. ASIF JAVAID MR. JAVAID IQBAL PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES PROGAM, INSTITUTE OF AGRO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC RESOURCES, NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER, ISLAMABAD 
657 SYED ZAHID AZIZ SYED ABDUL AZIZ SHAH WATER AND SANITATION AGENCY (LDA) 
658 MR. JAVED KHAN MR. MOHAMMAD HAYAT KHAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT & RURAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OG NWFP 
659 MR. MUHAMMAD AYUB MR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL SOIL CONSEVATION DEPARTMENT, 
660 MS. MAIMUNAH ASLAM MR. Q. AJMAL MAHMOOD ALLAMA IQBAL SOECIAL EDUCATION CENTRE FOR MENTALY RETARDED CHILDREN 
661 DR. RIAZ AHMED MR. GHULAM RASOOL RAWALPINDI GENERAL HOSPITAL, RAWALPIDI MEDICAL COLLEGE, 
662 MS. NAZILA NABILZADEH MR. RAMIN NABILZADEH JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPRATION AGENCY (JICA) 
663 MS. AYESHA AHMAD MR. MUNAWAR HUSSAIN S & GAD, GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB. 
664 MR. MASUD SHER KHAWAJA DR. K.G. ASGHAR PROVINCIAL TRANSITION WING, LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT. (Lg&D) GOVERNMENT OF SIND. 
665 MR. ROSHAN ALI SHAIKH MR. NOOR MOHAMMAD SHAIKH ENQ. & ANTI- CORRUPTION ESTB. GOVEENMENT OF SIND. (ANTI CORRUPTION) 
666 MR. IKRAMULLAH KHAN MR. MISHKATULLAH KHAN S & GAD, OFFICE OF DDO (R), D. G. KHAN 
667 MR. FAROOQUE AHMED SIDDIQUI MR. ALTAF HUSSAIN ZILA NAZIM OFFICE, SHIKARPUR 
668 MR. RAZAULLAH KHAN MR. HIDAYATULLAH KHAN DIRECTORATE GENERAL MINES & MINERALS, NWFP 
669 MR. ASAD ZAMAN KHAN MR. M. ZAMAN KHAN IRRIGATION POWER DEPARTMENT, NWFP 
670 ENGR. SHAKEEL AHMAD KASHMIRI MR. BASHIR AHMAD KASHMIRI WASA, LAHORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (LDA) 
671 MS. RIFFAT IQBAL MR. IQBAL MOHYUDDIN DAWN CADET HIGH SCHOOL 
672 MR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN MR. NAEEM-UL-HAMID MINISTRY OF COMMERCE 
673 MR. TARIQ SHAFI CHAK MR. MUHAMMAD SHAFI CHAK PUNJAB SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION 
674 MR. AMEER HYDER MR. YADEEN MIHAD KHAN LAGHARI PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, C.D.P.C 
675 MR. ZAHID MAHMOOD MR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL FAMILY PLANNING ASOCIATION OF PAKISTAN (FPAP) 
676 MR. MUHAMMAD SALEEM JALBANI MR. AHMED KHAN JALBANI PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF SINDH, KARACHI 
677 MR. GHULAM SARWAR SANDHU CH. NOOR AHMED CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) 
678 MR. HASAN MANNAN MR. ABDUL MANNAN SHAH PAKISTAN REVENUE AUTOMATION (CBR) 
679 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI KHAN HAJI HABIB-UR-RAHMAN JICA PAKISTAN OFFICE , ISLAMABAD 
680 MR. ATHAR AMIN CHOUDHRY CH. MUHAMMAD AMIN PCSIR LABORATORIES COMPLEX (PCSIR) 
681 RANA MUHAMMAD SARWAR RANA NIAZ MUHAMMAD PAKISTAN ENGINEERING WORKS CO. LTD, KOTLAKHPAT, LAHORE (PECO) 
682 SYED NAYYAR ABBAS KAZMI SYED SALAMAT HUSSAIN KAZMI SPECIAL INVESTIGATION CELL, (POLICE) (NORCOTIC) 
683 MR. ANWAR-UL-HAQ ABBASI RAJA WALAYAT KHAN NATIONAL BOOK FOUNDATION 
684 MR. MEHMOOD ZAMAN MR. KHAN ZAMAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
685 MR. M. JEHANZEB MUMTAZ KHAN MR. MUMTAZ AHMED KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
686 MR. MUHAMMAD SAJID MALIK FAZAL KARIM PAKNET LIMITED (PTCL) 
687 MR. KHAQAN BABAR MR. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ENVIRNOMENT PROTECTION DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB, LAHORE 
688 MR. ZULFIQAR HUSSAIN MR. MUHAMMAD SAQIB MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, 
689 MR. AKBAR ALI MUGHAL MR. BARKAT ALI NATIONAL TRAINING CENTRE FOR SPECIAL PERSONS, DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION 
690 MR. GHULAM MUJTABA AAMER MR. MARIFAT ULLAH PAKISTAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION HQS (PBC) 
691 MR. MUHAMMAD ASGHAR MR. ALLAH DITTA FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (FPSC) 
692 MS. ALIA ZAFAR MR. QAMAR UL – HASSAN HABIB BANK LIMITED 
693 MR. RIAZ – UD – DIN SUFI SIRAJ – UD – DIN FEDERAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY 
694 MR. BAKHTIAR AHMAD MR. KHAN GUL PROVINCIAL INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION 
695 MR. FAZIL MAHMOOD BAIG MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (FBS) 
696 SYED NOORUL HASAN RIZVI SYED AJAZUL HASAN RIZVI KARACHI BUILDING CONTROL AUTHORITY (KBCA) 
697 MS. HUMAIRA HASHMI AGHA TAHIR HUSSAIN PUNJAB RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMME (PRSP) 
698 MR. RAZAK BASHIR MR. BASHIR AHMAD PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL DEFENCE, PUNJAB (CDP) 
699 MR. NAJEEBULLAH MANDOKHAIL MR. USMAN GHANI PROVINCIAL INSTITUTE FOR TEACHER EDUCATION (PITE) QUETTA 
700 MS. YASMIN MASOOD MR. MASOOD ANWAR ECNOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
701 MR. ZAHIR SHAH MR. MIR A;AM KHAN ASSISTANT POLITICAL AGENT. FR. KOHAT (DCO) 
702 MR. IMRAN SIKANDAR MR. SIKANDAR KHAN DISTRICT GOVT. CHARSADDA (DCO) 
703 MR. MUHAMMAD RAFIQ SHAIKH MR. MUHAMMAD AMIN SHAIKH FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICES COMMISSION (FPSC) 
704 MR. SHAKEEL AHMAD MIAN MIAN GHAFOOR-UD-DIN DISTRICT GOVERNMENT, (DCO) ABBOTTABAD 
705 DR. SANTOSH KUMAR MR. KALYAN DAS CRDC, UNIVERSITY OF SINDH, 
706 MR. GHULAM MURTAZA MR. FAQIR MUHAMMAD SUPARCO 
707 MR. NASIR ALI KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD FAYYAZ KHAN PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION AUTHORITY (PTA) 
708 MR. AHMED SHAMIM MR. SHAMIM-UD-DIN PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION AUTHORITY (PTA) 
709 DR. SHAHID MASAUD MR. MUHAMMAD ABDUL JABBAR KHAN GOVERNMENT DHQ HOSPITAL, D.I.KHAN 
710 MR. SALAMAT MASIH MR. ANWAR MASIH NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HANDICAPPED (NIH) 
711 MR. AMER SHAMSHER MR. SHAMSHER AKHTER NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION CORPORATION 
712 MR. NAUMAN AKHTAR JARRAL MR. AKHTAR IQBAL JARRAL HIGH POWR TRANSMITTER COMPLEX OAKISTAN BROAD CASTING (PBC) 
713 CH. ABDUL GHAFOOR MR. MUHAMMAD YOUSAF ADAPTIVE RESEARCH FARM, AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT, SHEIKHUPURA. 
714 MR. MOHAMMAD LATIF AWAN MR. NOOR MOHAMMAD AWAN PAKISTANINDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
715 MR. MUHAMMAD TARIQ PERVEZ MR. GHULAM RASUL PAKISTANINDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
716 MR. HASEEB AHMED MALIK MR. BASHIR AHMED MALIK PAKISTANINDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
717 MR. SULEMAN SULTAN RANA RANA M. SULTAN DIG TELECOMMUNICATION & TRANSPORT PUNJAB 
718 MR. MURTAZA ALI KHAN KANDHARI MR. G.M.K. KANDHARI NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
719 MR. KALEEM ALAM KHAN MR. HASHMAT ALI KHAN FINGER PRINT BUREAU, INVESTIGATION BRANCH, PUNJAB POLICE, (POLICE) 
720 MR. SHAH NAWAZ KHOSO MR. SAHAH MIR KHAN KHOSO MINISTRY OF FINANCE 
721 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI MR. MUHAMMAD DIN HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN 
722 MR. SHEHARYAR TAHIR MR. TAHIR IKRAM SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (SMEDA) 
723 MR. ABDUL HAMEED RAZI CH. LAL KHAN DIVISIONAL SUPERINTENDENT RAILWAY OFFICE, RAWALPINDI 
724 MR. MANZOOR AHMED SOOMRO MR. GHULAM MUSTAFA PAKISTAN MACHINE TOOL FACTOEY 
725 DR. AKMAL KHURSHID BHATTI MR. KHURSHID ALAM BHATTI PROVINCIAL TB ZOTROL PROGRAM DGHS, 
726 MR. MOHAMMAD KHAN MARWAT MR. QADIR KHAN MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT & RURAL DEVELOPMENT. 
727 MR. MUHAMMAD ISHTIAQ MR. GHULAM MUSTAFA PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE PROG., NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE, (NARC) 
728 MS. FALAHAT SHAHID RAUF CH. SHAHID RAUF VOCATIONAL REHABLITATION AND EMPLOYMENT DISABLED PERSONS 
729 ENGR.. MUHAMMAD IRFAN JARRAL MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN JARRAL PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
730 SYED RASHID HUSSAIN WASTI SYED ZAHID HUSSAIN WASTI PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
731 MR. RAEES AHMAD RAHI MR. MUHAMMAD HANIF PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
732 MR. MUHAMMAD ANWAR BAIG MIRZA HABIB BAIG PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
733 MR. ABID IQBAL MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL GOVT. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 
734 MR. FAZAL-UR-REHMAN MR. REHAN KHAN GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, 
735 DR. MUHAMMAD TARIQ MR. MUHAMMAD JUNAID EDO (H) OFFICE SWABI 
736 MR. MUHAMMAD QASIM MR. GHULAM RASOOL KARAKURAM AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NORTHERN AREAS GILGIT 
737 MR. MUHAMMAD AZAM JOYA MR. BASHIR AHMED JOYA WATER & POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (WAPDA) 
738 DR. NAILA AFZAL MR. MUHAMMAD AFZAL KHOKHAR SUNDEMAN PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL 
739 DR. NARGIS HASSAN MR. MOHAMMAD HASSAN BASIC HEALTH UNIT 
740 MR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL MR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
741 MR. SHAHID HUSSAIN KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD AYUB DEPUTY DIRECTOR, FEADRAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (FIA) 
742 MR. IRFAN ULLAH KHAN MR. MOHAMMAD UMAR KHAN DIRECTORATE OF INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE AND LABOUR. 
743 MR. ZAHID ULLAH KHAN MR. ATTA ULLAH KHAN CHIEF ENGINEER, IRRIGATION 
744 MR. IMRAN ULLAH KHAN MR. IHSAN ULLAH KHAN ECNOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (ead) 
745 MR. KAMRAN AHMED (LATE) MR. MUMTAZ AHMAD ECNOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
746 MR. FAROOQ IFTIKHAR MR. MUHAMMAD IFTIKHAR PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (PCSIR) 
747 MR. MUHAMMAD KHALID KHAN MR. AMANULLAH CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE (cbr) 
748 MR. BARKAT ULLAH MALIK DAD MUHAMMAD IRRIGATION & POWER DEPARTMENT, 
749 MR. NAJEEB AHMAD AMIR MR. AMIRDAD PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (PMD) 
750 MIRZA MUHAMMAD YASIN MIRZA MUHAMMAD HANIF FEDERAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (FIA), 
751 DR. MOHAMMAD SAFDAR BALOCH mR. M. ASLAM BALOCH AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ARI) 
752 MR. MUHAMMAD WAJEHUD DIN MR. M. GHULAM JELANI GOVERNMENT (JICA) MODEL SCHOOL 
753 MR. IFAISAL QBAL MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE (CBR) 
754 MS. MADIHA GOHAR MR. MUNIR AHMAD MUNIR DIRECTOR VACATIONAL TRAINING CENTER FOR DISABLED (VTCD) MINISTRY OF WOMEN DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL WELFARE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION 
755 MR, ABDUL QADIR MR. JALAL-UD-DIN GOVERNMENT MIDLE SCHOOL 
756 MR. HAMEED IQBAL MR. M. MANISHMAND KHAN HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX(HMC) 
757 MR. M. FAISAL BASHIR CHAUDHRY MR. MUHAMMAD BASHIR CHAUDHRY NATIONAL TELECOMUNICATION CORPORATION (NTC) 
758 MR. SAADAT IQBAL MR. NASEER UD DIN COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 
759 MR. FAZAL NAWAB KHATTAK MR. ALI NAWAB NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY(NHA) 
760 QAZI MOHAMMAD ANWAR QAZI AHMED JAN TOWN OFFICER SERVICES. 
761 MS. SAMINA KHALIL MR. MOHAMMAD KHALIL-ULLAH SHARIF APPLIED ECOMNOMICS RESEARCH CENTRE, UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI. 
762 MR. ABDUS SAMAD MR. SARFARAZ KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY(NHA) 
763 MR. MUHAMMAD UZAIR MR. AMINULLAH KHAN FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY (FHA) W&S DEPTT. 
764 MR. SAQAIB AHMED MR. AKHTAR MUHAMMAD SERVICES & GENERAL ADMINSTRATION, SINDH. 
765 MR. SALEEM RAZA MALIK NAWAB DIN PLANNING & DEVLOPMENT DEPARTMENTAL, GOVT. OF BALOCHISTAN. 
766 SYED MUHAMMAD KHALID HUDA SYED MUHAMMAD NURUL HUDA WORKS SERVICE DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF SINDH 
767 MAJ. ZULFIQAR HUSSAIN NAREJO MR. MOHAMMAD BUX NAREJO REGIONAL DIRECTORATE , ANTI NARCOTICS FORCE. 
768 MR. NAEEM IQBAL MR. SHER MUHAMMAD MINISTRY OF COMUNICATION 
769 DR. KHALIL AHMED SHAIKH MR. MUHAMMAD RAMZAN SHAIKH FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF PAKISTAN 
770 MR. FASIHUDDIN MR. GHULAM YOUSAF FRONTIER CONSTABULARY, BANNU 
771 MR. MUHAMMAD GHAZANFAR ALI RAO MR. MUHAMMAD YOUNUS OFFICE OF THE DIVISIONAL ENGINEER 
772 MR. IKRAMUS SAQLAIN HAIDER DR. S. M. HAIDER NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) 
773 MS. RUKHSANA HAMEED MR. ABDUL HAMID KHAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH 
774 MR. ABDUL JABBAR SHAHEEN MR. ABDUL SATTAR PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPTT. 
775 MR. JAVID LATIF CH. MAHAMMAD LATIF LOCAL GOVERNMENT & RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 
776 MR. IFTIKHAR HUSSAIN SHAH SYED GUL MUHAMMAD SHAH DISTRICT COORDINATION OFFICE, HAIZABAD 
777 DR. ASHOK KUMAR TANWANI MR. MIR CHAND PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (PIMS) 
778 MR. MUHAMMAD SHAHID MR. MOHIB -ULLAH NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) 
779 MR. AHMAD KAMRAN MR. MANZOOR ELAHI COLLECTORATE OF SALE TAX AND CENTRAL EXCISE (INCOME TAX) 
780 MR. ARSHAD SALEEM FARUQUI JUSTICE SALEEM AKHTAR PLASTIC TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (PTC) 
781 MR. TARIQ JAMAL MR. VAKIL AHMED ANSARI PLASTIC TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (PTC) 
782 DR. INAYAT ADIL SARDAR ALI HUSSAIN KHAN SENIOR REGISTRAR DEPT. OF GASTROENTEROLOGIST, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, (PIMS) ISLAMABAD. 
783 MR. MUKHTAR PARAS SHAH MR. BAQIR HUSSAIN ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
784 MR. YASIN WALI MR. MUHAMMAD WALI INSTITUTE OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN 
785 MR. MUSHTAQ AHMAD MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN MINISTRY OF LABOUR & MANPOWER. 
786 MR. TAHIR SHAH MR. FAQIR SHAH HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX (HMC) 
787 MR. AYAZ HAIDER MR. GHULAM HAIDER LAW INFORCEMENT DEPARTMENT, DIRECTORATE GENERAL, BALOCHISTAN. 
788 MR. IQTIDAR AHMED MR. TASKEEN ABID NIZAMI DIRECTORATE OF SANITATION, CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) 
789 MR. YASIR RAZA KHAN MR. RAZA MUHAMMAD DIRECTORATE SANITATION, CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) 
790 MR. ABDUL SHAKOOR BHUTTA MR. AHMED BAKHSH TEHSIL MUNICIPLE ADMINISTRATION 
791 MR. ATIF MUSTAFA MR. ASIF MUSTAFA ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, DEPARTMENT, NED UNIVERSITY. 
792 MR. MOHAMMAD ILYAS MR. HAKIM KHAN SOIL AND WATER TESTING LABORATORY, 
793 MR. KHALID KHATTAK MR. FAQIR GUL KHATTAK IRRIGATION POWER DEPARTMENT, NATIONAL DRENIAGE PROGRAMME. 
794 MR. MUHAMMAD WASIM MR. MUHAMMAD RAMZAN HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT 
795 MR. AKBAR HAYAT MR. MUHAMMAD HAYAT SECRETARY TRANSPORT AUTHORITY, ISLAMABAD. 
796 DR. WAHEED KHAN MR. HASHIM KHAN  
797 MR. ZAHEER AHMAD MALIK MOHD SAEED TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTRE, HUB 
798 MR. GHULAM ABBAS CHANNA MR. MOHAMMAD UMER GOVT. POLY TECHNIC INSTITUTE, THATTA. 
799 MR. RABNAWAZ MR. AURANG ZEB KHAN DIRECTORATE GENERAL, WATER MANAGEMENT 
800 MS, KAUKAB NAZIR MR. MUHAMMAD NAZIR PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT FOR COMPUTERIZATION OF LAND REVENUE RECORDS, BOARD OF REVENUE. PUNJAB 
801 MS. FAIZA SHARIF MR. NASSER MAHMOOD BOTANY DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, LAHORE. 
802 MR. BABAR ALI MR. ALI EJAZ VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN 
803 SYED KAMAL SHAH  FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF PAKISTAN 
804 MR. MUHAMMAD ARFAN MIANA MR. ABDUS SLAM WAPDA 
805 MR. AZHAR RASHID KHAN MR. ABDUL RASHID KHAN CPO, BALOCHISTAN POLICE 
806 MS GHAZALA PARVEEN SYED MUTAHIHAR HUSSAIN BOKHARI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH (NIH)ISLAMABAD. 
807 MR. ZUBAIR BILAL MR . ABDUL HAQ BILAL INCOME TAX DEPARTMENT. 
808 DR. ARSLAN SUBUCTAGEEN MIAN ZAFAR AHSAN MEHMOOD COLLECTORATE OF CUSTOMS. 
809 MR. MUHAMMAD FAROOQ MR. MUHAMMAD FAQIRULLAH PAKISTAN ELECTRONIC MEDIA REGULATORY AUTHORITY. (PEMRA) 
810 MR. HAFEEZ-UR-REHMAN MR. NAZAR MUHAMMAD LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN. 
811 MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE  PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (PIMS) 
812 SYED AHMAD ALI SHAH SYED MAHAMMAD ALI PROGRAM COORDINATOR, CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUITMS 
813 MR. MUHAMMAD RAZA RANA MR. MUHAMMAD SHARIF PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANT (PITA) 
814 MR. QAISAR IQBAL MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER (PITAC) 
815 DR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM MR. SHUKUR ULLAH BAIG ADMS/ PRINCIPAL , HRDC, GILGIT 
816 MR. NADEEM SHABAZ MR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF PAKISTAN IDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER, (PITAC) 
817 MR. TALIB HUSSAIN MR. MUHAMMAD YAQOOB PAKISTAN IDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER, (PITAC) 
818 MR. ASGHAR KHAN MR. SHAH WALI KHAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT FOREST MANAGEMENT CENTER, 
819 DR. ABDUL MALIK MR. SAID ALI KHAN DEPARTMENT OF CARDICOVACULAR SURGERY, LADY READING HOSPITAL, PESHAWAR. 
820 DR. SOHAIL SAQLAIN MR. SARDAR SAEED ALLAMA IQBAL MEDICAL COLLEGE, LAHORE 
821 MR. ABDUL RASHID SHEIKH MR. MUHAMMAD PIYZIPAL SHEIKH CUSTOM HOUSE KARACHI 
822 MR. AMJAD SAMAD MR. ABDUL SAMAD ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT FOREST MANAGEMENT CENTER, 
823 MR. MUHAMMAD KHALID FAROOQ MR. SARDAR ALI FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS 
824 MR. ZAFAR IQBAL mR. M. A. WADOOD KARACHI SHIP YARD AND ENGINEERING WORKS LTD. 
825 SYED ABAIDULLAH SHAH SYED TAREEN SHAH IRRIGATION DIVISION, KHUZDAR, BALOCHISTAN 
826 MR. SAJJAD AHMAD MR. MAHBOOB ALAM PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, MINISTRY OF DEFENCE. 
827 MR. JAMSHAD ALI KHAN MR. AWAL KHAN WORKS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT, NWFP 
828 MS. SABINA QURESHI MR. FAIZ MUHAMMAD QURESHI ECNOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
829 MR. NOORUL HADI MR. MOGHUL BAZ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LABOUR ADMINISTRATION TRAINING (NILAT) 
830 MR. AJAB KHAN MR. HAZRAT GUL DEPTT. OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MALAKAND, 
831 DR. ISMAT ARA DR. KHURSHID ANWAR T.B CONTROL, KARACHI 
832 MR. SALAHUDDIN MR. ALLAH DIN PAKISTAN MACHINE TOOL FACTORY (PVT) LTD 
833 MR. ATIQ -UR- RAHMAN MR. FATEH -UR- RAHMAN HAYATABAD MEDICAL COMPLEX 
834 MR. FAKHAR -E SAYYAM MR. ZAHEER AHMAD QURESHI PAKISTANINDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
835 MR. SHAHID AHMED MR. M. YAQOOB PAKISTANINDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
836 MR. SAIFULLAH AZIM MR. MUHAMMAD AZIM PAKISTAN SECENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION CENTER. QUAID -E – AZAM UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD. 
837 DR. MUHAMMAD RIAZ GUNDAL MR. BASHIR AHMED TRAINING CENTRE WASA, LDA, LAHORE 
838 MR. ABDUR RAUF CHAUDHRY CHAUDHRY TUFAIL MUHAMMAD NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) 
839 MR. SABIR HASAN MR. ZAKIR HASAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY, (NHA) 
840 MR. MOHAMMAD SHOAIB MR. MOHAMMAD NAWAZ MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, 3RD FLOOR PK SECRETARIAT, ISLAMABAD 
841 CHAUDHRY MUJEEB QADIR CHAUDHRY ABDUL HAMEED NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA), ISLAMABAD. 
842 MR. MUHAMMAD YOUSUF BARKZAI MR. ABDUL LATIAF NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
843 MR. ZAFAR AHMED MR. AHMED JAN S.D O (II) PROVINCIAL B& R, C & W DEPTT. DISTT. MUSTUNG. 
844 MR. DABEER . A. KHAN MR. RAZ AHMED KHAN GOVT. OF SINDH, HEALTH DEPTT. 
845 SYED SIBT-E-ABBAS ZAIDI SYED SHAMIM HUSSAIN ZAIDI ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD), GOVT. OF PAKISTAN. 
846 MR. HABIB ULLAH MR. BASHIR AHMED AVIATION WING, (METEREOLOGY), MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, RAWALPINDI. 
847 MR. MUTAHIR HUSSAIN SYED SYED ZAHEER HUSSAIN FARM MACHINERY INSTITUTE (FMI)NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESERCH CENTRE, (NARC) 
848 DR. ASIF NAEEM MR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM AKHTAR WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
849 RAJA MANZOO AHMED KAYANI RAJA M. GULZAR KHAN MINISTRY OF COMMERCE. 
850 MR. MUBASHAR ABBAS BHATTI CHADUHARY NAZAR ABBAS BHATTI OFFICE OF ZILA NAZIM, HAFIZABAD DISTRICT. 
851 MR. FAHIM HASHIM MR. MUHAMMAD HASHIM LOCAL GOVERNMENT & RURAL DEVELOPMENT. GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB. 
852 MR. MURID ABBAS JAFFERY MR. JAFFERY PAKISTAN MINT, LAHORE. 
853 MS. SADIA ASHRAF MR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF F. G. COLLEGE FOR WOMAN, SECTOR. F-7/2, ISLAMABAD. 
854 MR. JAMSHAID AZIZ MR. AZIZ RASOOL KHAN TOWN MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION. 
855 MR. MOHAMMAD BASHARAT RAJA RAJA LAL KHAN MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVT. OF PUNJAB. 
856 MR. MUNIR AHMED ANJUM MR. BASHIR AHMED MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 
857 MR. MUHAMMAD PERVEZ NASIR MR. MUHAMMAD DILAWAR KHAN FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY, WORKS & SERVICES DEPTT. 
858 MR. TARIQ HUSSAIN BHATTI MR. HUSSAIN BHATTI BOLAN MEDICAL COMPLEX (BMC) HOSPITAL 
859 CHAUDHRY ZAFAR AMIN CHAUDHRY MUHAMMAD AMIN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT. 
860 SYED NAWAZISH ALI SHAH SYED MARIFAT SHAH OZONE CELL M/O ENVIRONMENT, 
861 MR. ABDUL HALEEM ASGHAR MR. ABDUL SALEEM HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION (HEC) 
862 MR. IMRAN MASOOD CHAUDHRY CHAUDHRY BASHIR AHMAD SMALL & MWDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY. SMEDA 
863 MR. SHEERAZ SAMI KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD SAMI VLLAH KHAN DIRECTORATE OF SANITATION 
864 MS. UZMA MAHMOOD MR. MAHMOOD UL HASSAN LAHORE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY, LAHORE BUSINESSMEN ASSOCIATION FOE REHABIT OF DISABLED 
865 MS. NADIA JAHANGIR SETH SETH JAHANGIR SARWAR SAMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (SMEDA) 
866 MR. FAZAL AHMED JUNEJO MR. FIDA AHMED DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE MARKETING 
867 DR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM MR. MUHAMMAD RAMZAN PROVINCIAL T.B ONTROL PROGRAM PUNJAB 
868 MR. MAZHAR IQBAL MR. NAZIR AHMED ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
869 mr. RAJA MUHAMMAD AKHTAR IQBAL MR. AKHTAR IQBAL MINISTRY OF ENVIROMENT AND URBEN AFFAIRS. 
870 MR. TAHIR SAJJAD DR. SARDAR M. RAFIQUE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM, 
871 MR. ARSHAD SALAM KHATTAK MR.ABDUS SALAM KHATTAK DIVISIONAL SUPERINTENDENT OFFICE, PAKISTAN RAILWAY OFFICE, RAWALPINDI. 
872 MS. TABASSUM ROOHI MR. MUHAMMAD BABAR ZAMAN GOVERNMENT VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN 
873 MR. JAVED AHMAD MR. MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB, LAHORE. 
874 DR SHAMS UR REHMAN AFRIDI MR. GUL REHMAN AFRIDI DIRECTOR GENERAL HEALTH SERVICES (DGHS) 
875 MR. SAJJAD HAIDER YALDRAM MR. M. ANWAR ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
876 MR. NASIR-UDDIN MR. FASIH-UDDIN DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & MANPOWER TRAINING. 
877 MR. WASEEM AFZAL MR. MUHAMMAD AFZAL NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) 
878 MR. ANEES MUHAMMAD KHAN MR. RAZI BADSHAH MARITIME SECURITY AGENCY 
879 MR. ADNAN IQBAL HASSAN MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL PAKISTANT MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PMDC). 
880 MR. BABAR WASIM ARIF MR. MUHAMMAD ARIF FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS, STATISTICS DIVISION, 
881 SYED AJLAL SAFDAR BUKHARI MR. SAFDAR BUKHARI NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DESPATCH COMPANY(NTDC), GENERAL MANAGER PLANNING (POWER) NTDC, 
882 MR. KHALID JAVED MR. MUHAMMAD INAYAT NATIONAL TELECOM CORPORATION (NTC) 
883 SYED IBNE HUSSAIN SYED GHAZANFAR ABBAS CRIME INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT, PUNJAB POLICE. 
884 MR. MEHTAB AHMED MR. MANZOOR AHMED NATIONAL POWERCONTROL CENTER (NTDC) WAPDA 
885 MR, IZZAT GUL MR. AJAB GUL VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN 
886 MR. MUHAMMAD NADEEM ASGHAR DR. MUHAMMAD ASGHAR QUALITY CONTROL LABORATARY, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH 
887 MR. KHAN SHAHZADA MR. FAZAL HADI NWFP UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING ANF TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR 
888 MR. AFSAR KHAN MR. HABIB KHAN PAKISTAN METEOROGICAL DEPARTMENT (PMD), 
889 MR. ABDUL JABBAR QAZI MR. MUHAMMAD ISHAQUE OFFICE OF CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, SINDH 
890 MR. MUHAMMAD BILAL KARINI CH. ABDUL KARINI PLANNING & INVESTIGATION ORGANIZATION, WAPDA 
891 MR MAHMOOD SULTAN PARACHA MR. ABDUL RAHIM PARACHA HEALTH DIRECTIRATE, MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME. 
892 MR. IMTIAZ HAIDER MR. SAEED HAIDER BHATTI ANTI NORCOTICS FORCE 
893 MS. ANEELA HASAN MR. HASAN NAWAZ CHEEMA GOVT. COLLEGE FOE ELEMENTARY TEACHERS WOMEN 
894 MR. ZAMIR AHMED SOOMRO MR. MUHAMMAD SAFFAR REGIONAL OFFICER, PAKISTAN COUNSEL REASERCH WATER RESOURCE (PCRWR) 
895 MR. IMTIAZ AHMED SHEIKH MR ABDUL KARIM SHEIKH CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENEU, ISLAMABAD 
896 MR. SHAH DINA MR. NOOR MOHAMMAD TECHINICAL TRAINING CENTRE SUI DERA BUGTI BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN. 
897 MR. AAMER AZIZ MR. CH. SARDAR MOHAMMAD FAISALABAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY ROAD FAISALABAD PUNJAB PAKISTAN. 
898 MR. MOEEN MASOOD CH. MUSHTAQ AHMAD MASOOD ISLAMABAD POLICE 
899 MR. MASOOD HAIDER MR. HAIDER ZAMAN SURVEY OF PAKISTAN MURREE ROAD RAWALPINDI. 
900 MR. BASHIR AHMAD MR. ALLAH DIN MINISTRY OF COMUNICATION, ISLAMABAD. 
901 MR. IRFAN AHMED MR. SHAKIL AHMED COMSATS INSTITUTE 
902 MR.MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAHEER MR. M. ZAHEERUDDIN PAKISTAN IDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
903 MR. SAFDAR YASIN MR. GHULAM YASIN KHAN PAKISTAN IDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (PITAC) 
904 MR. HAMID ULLAH JAN MR. SAID NAWAZ KHAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 
905 MS. FARZANA SHAHANI MR. MUHAMMAD ISSA PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT 
906 MS. NOUSHABA MAZHAR MR. MAZHAR SAEED NEXTERA COMMUNICATION OVT LTD. 
907 MR. MUHAMMAD SHOAIB RASHID mR. ABDUL RASHID PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER (PITAC) 
908 MR. SHAHZAD AYUB MUHAMMAD AYUB PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANT CENTER (PITCA) 
909 MR. NAVEED ASLAM QURESHI MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM QURESHI PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER (PITAC) 
910 MR. MAZHAR ALI MR. MOHAMMAD ALI PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER (PITAC) 
911 MR. MUHAMMAD ASHFAQ MR. RASHID AHMED PHYSIOTHERAPY DEPT, NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HANDICAPPED, ST NO. 9, G-8/2, ISLAMABAD. 
912 MR. GHULAM QADIR ABBAS MR. ABBAS HEAD OFFICE KW&SB KBCA ANNEXE BUILDIND BEHIND CIVIC CENTER GHULSHAN E IQBAL 
913 MR. SALEEM AHMED MR. BASHIR AHMED KARACHI WATER AND SEWERAGE BOARD. 
914 MR. JAWAD NASIR MR. NASIR AHMED PAKISTAN SPACE & UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH COMMISSION (SPARCO) 
915 MS. UROOJ FATIMA MR. MUHAMMAD YAQOOB HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION 
916 MR. AFTAB RASHID MR. ABDUL RASHID MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS 
917 MR. KHURAM SHAKOOR MR. ABDUL SHAKOOR NATIONAL HIGHWAY & MOTORWAY POLICE, NHA BUILDING, NEAR SHAHPUR INTERCHANGE LAHORE 
918 MIAN MUHAMMAD ASGHAR MR. FAZAL MUHAMMAD NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
919 MR. JAVED AKHTER MR. AKHTER UD DIN AHMED NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
920 SYED SAJJAD MEHDI SYED AZHAR HUSSAIN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (nha) 
921 MR. KHAIR MUHAMMAD SOLANGI MR. UMED ALI SOLANGI NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) COMPLEX, NEAR DRIG ROAD STATION, SHARA-E-FAISAL, KARACHI. 
922 MR. LANGAH ABDUL AZIZ MR. KANDERO KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (nha) 
923 HAFIZ MASOOD UR RASOOL MR. HAKIM MUHAMMAD ABDUL REHMAN ADDITIONAL SECRETARY, C & W DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB, LAHORE. 
924 MS. NAHEED AKHTER MR. RAHMAT ULLAH G.G. E/S KOTLY PATHANA KASUR 
925 MS. FAUZIA TARIQ MR. TARIQ ZIA FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MODEL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, G-7/1, ISLAMABAD 
926 MS. ZEBA NAHEED MR. ZULFIQAR UN DIN GOVERNMENT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL LANDHI NO. 1 KARACHI. 
927 MS. MUSSARAT SHAHEEN MR. SUBAH SADIQ GOVERNMENT GIRLS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL MUSTAFA ABAD DISTT. KASUR 
928 MS. FARZANA GOPANG MR. QADIR BUX GOVT. GIRLS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL JAMSHORO COLONY KARACHI 
929 MS. SADAF AAMIR MR. AAMIR MUSHTAQ F.G GIRLS SCHOOL G-9/3, ISLAMABAD. 
930 MR. JAMIL UR REHMAN MR. SAID AKBAR KHAN GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL PABAINI DISTT. SWABI. 
931 MR. MUHAMMAD RAFIQ MR. JAN MUHAMMAD GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL LAKHNEKAY KASUR 
932 MR. SAFULLAH MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL BAKHAIR JAMALI DISTT. MATIARI, EDUCATION AND LITRACY DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF SINDH. 
933 MR. DARSHAN LAL MR. DAYA RAM F-G- BOYS MODEL SCHOOL G-6/4, ISLAMABAD 
934 MR. MUHAMMAD YOUNUS MR. GHULAM UN DIN GOVT. BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL GARI KHATA KARACHI 
935 MR. HILAL AHMED WANI MR. ABDUL REHMAN WANI ISLAMABAD MODEL COLLEGE FOR BOYS, F-7/3 ISLAMABAD. 
936 MR. MUHAMMAD YAHYA HASHMI MR. ALI SHER HASHMI GOVT. ELEMANTRY SCHOOL CHUNIAN KASUR 
937 SYED WASEEM RAZAQ SYED NOOR HUSSAIN JAFFERY PUBLIC PROSECUTION DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB 
938 MS. FATIMA NUZHAT SYED KARRAR RAZA KAZMI D.C.O SECRETARIAT 
939 MS. REHANA GHULAM ALI MEMON MR. GHULAM ALI PLANNING & DEVELOPMEMT DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF SINDH. 
940 MR. MOMIN AGHA MR. RAFIQ H. AGHA CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) 
941 MR. ABID NOOR AFRIDI MR. MUHAMMAD NOOR PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF N.W.F.P 
942 MR. MUHAMMAD YOUNES DURRANI SARDAR AKBAR KHAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF BALOCHISTAN. 
943 MR. MATHAR NIAZ RANA MR. NIAZ AHMED RANA ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY, (ICT) ADMINISTRATION CHIEF COMMISSIONER’S OFFICE 
944 MR. TARIQ AHAD NAWAZ SARDAR AHMAD NAWAZ CENTRAL BOARD OF REVENUE (CBR), ISLAMABAD. 
945 MR. MAHMOOD ALI MR. MUHAMMAD ALI ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY (AIOU) ISLAMABAD 
946 MS. YAMEENA TAMKEEN SYED YOUSUF HUSSAIN INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY (AIOU) ISLAMABAD. 
947 MR. MUHAMMAD QASIM HAIDER MR. HAIDER BUX INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, ALLAM IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY (AIOU) ISLAMABAD. 
948 MR. SHAHID BASHIR MALIK MR. BASHIR MALIK INSTITUTE OD INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY (AIOU) , ISLAMABAD. 
949 MR. MUHAMMAD MUNEER MALIK malik muhammad nawaz i-e-t allama iqbal open university (aIOU), SECTOR. H-8, islamabad. 
950 SYED MUHAMMAD HASAN AKHTAR SYED ASHIQ HUSSAIN ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
951 MR. SHAHRUKH ARBAB MR. FATEH MUHAMMAD ARBAB AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF NWFP. 
952 MS. NUSRAT SITARA MR. SHAHID MEHMOOD F. G. GIRLS MODEL SCHOOL, G-6/1-3, ISLAMABAD. 
953 MR. JAN MUHAMMAD KHAN MR. GUL AMIN KHAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH 
954 MR. ALLAH DAD KHAN MR. ARSALA KHAN DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION NWFP 
955 MR. ABDUL HAMEED MENGAL MR. MURAD BUKHSH  
956 MR. AINUDDIN AGHA SYED HAIDER SHAH OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY, GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN. 
957 MR. FATEH MUHAMMAD SHAIKH MR. ALI AHMED DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING, CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND SALES TAX 012 CUSTOM HOUSE, KARACHI. 
958 MR. MUHAMMAD ASGHAR DOGAR CH. KHUSHI MUHAMMAD CHASHMA RIGHT BANK CANAL DIVISION, TAUNSA SHARIF, I & P DEPTT. PUNJAB. 
959 MR. M. ZIA UL HAQ QAZI MR. M. ISHAQ GOVT. BOYS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, 
960 MR. RAFIQUE MUSTAFA SHAIKH LATE GOVT. OF SINDH 
961 CH. MUHAMMAD ISLAM MR. FAZAL DIN FARMER ORGANIZATION 
962 MR. DR. MUHAMMAD USMAN MR. MUHAMMAD SAEED LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT 
963 MR. IFTIKHAR ALI QURESHI MR. ZULFIQAR ALI QURESHI MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS AND STATISTICS 
964 MS. TEHMINA AYUB MR. MUHAMMAD AYUB SOOMRO N.E.D UNIVERSITY OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY 
965 MR. MEHTAB AHMED KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM KHAN GOVT B 2 SPECIAL EDUCATION CENTER A-1 SHALIMAR COLONY BOSAN ROAD MULTAN. 
966 MR. NADEEM AKHTAR MR. ALLAH DINO BOARD OF INVESTMENT (BOI) M/O PRIVITISATION AND INVESTMENT GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN 
967 MR. ABDUL SABOOR MR. MEHRULLAH JAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN. 
968 KHAWAJA MUHAMMAD TARRAQ KH. ABDUL RASHEED central board of reveneu (CBR) 
969 MR. ANWAR SHERAZ MR. MUHAMMAD ANWAR VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF DISABLED PERSONS SERVICE CENTER- iii FIRST FLOOR. FLAT NO. 3, SUB-E-DAR PLAZA, REHMAN SHAHEED ROAD GUJRAT 
970 MR. MIAN MUHAMMAD MUSADIQ WATTO MR. MIAN ABDUL WAJID KHAN WATTO  
971 DR. TAHIR MAHMUD DR. AMINULLAH VASEER PROVINCIAL TB CONTROL PROGRAM, 24- COOPER ROAD dghs PB. LAHORE 
972 DR. MUHAMMAD RAZZAK MR. GHULAM QADIR PROVINCIAL TB CONTROL PROGRAM, 24- COOPER ROAD dghs PB. LAHORE 
973 MR. SAMI ULLAH BAJWA MR ABDUL HAQ BAJWA SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (smeda). 6TH FLOOR, LDA PLAZA, EGERTON ROAD LAHORE 
974 MR. MUHAMMAD RIAZ AKBAR MR. MUHAMMAD AKBAR THE URBAN UNIT, P& D DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB 
975 MR. MUHAMMAD ARSHAD MUHAMMAD DIN WAPDA THERMAL POWER STATION 600 MW CCP GUDDU 
976 MR. SHAIKH ABDUL REHMAN MR. A SATTAR karachi water & sewerage board 
978 MR. ALI IRFAN MR. ALI ASGHAR N.T.C HAEDQUARTERS F- 5/1 ISLAMABAD 
979 MR. MUHAMMAD SALEEM JALBANI MR. KHAN JALBANI PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 
980 MR. SAID ALI KAHN MR. SAID MUHAMMAD KHAN HEALTH SHANGLA 
981 MR. MUKHTAR AHMED MAGSI MR. MANZOOR AHMED MAGSI PAKISTAN METEROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, GEOPHYSICAL CENTER, P.O BOX NO. 02, BEWERY ROAD, QUETTA 
982 MR. NISAR AHMAD MR. NOOR AHMAD KASUR TAINNERY WASTE MANAGEMENT AGENCY (KTWMA) 1- KM DEPALPUR ROAD KASUR 
983 MR. SAJJAD ZAIDI MR. BASHIR AHMED (LATE) SANITATION DIRECTORATE CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY SECTOR G-6/1-4 ISLAMABAD (CDA) 
984 MR. MUKHTAR AHMED KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD NAWAZ KHAN SANITATION DIRECTORATE CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) SECTOR G-6/1-4 ISLAMABAD 
985 MR. SAHIBZADA MOHAMMAD TARIQ SHAHID MR. S.M. FARIDUN CITY DISTRICT GOUT, PESHAWER 
986 DR. FAYYAZ AHMAD BASIR AHMAD PAEC HQ PAEC K BLOCK PAK SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD 
987 MR. GHHIYAS MALIR MR. RIAZ ALI MALIR SWM, CDGL 
988 MR. ASIF NASEER MR. M . ISHAQ SWM HEADQUARTERS BARBI CHOWK LAHORE 
989 MR. ABDULLAH YASAR MR. ABDUL QADIR TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY GOVT, OF PUNJAB/ GCT RAIWEND ROAD LAHORE. 
990 MR. WAQAR HUSSAIN MR. PIR. BAKHSH PHULPOTO SINDH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY, REGIONAL OFFICE SUKKAR, BANGLOW NO A-36 SINDH COOOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY AIRPORT ROAD SUKKAR 
991 MR. SHAHID IQBAL BALOCH MR., ABDUL RAHEEM BALOCH LARGE TAXPAYERS UNIT, PRC TOWERS, 32-A LALAZAR, M.R. KHAN ROAD, KARACHI. 
992 SYED MANZOOR MEHDI SYED ZAHOOR MEHDI HQS MARITIME SECURITY AGENCY KDLB BUILDING P.O. BOX 13333 WEST WHARF ROAD KARACHI PAKISTAN 
993 MR. SHARIQ SUHAIL MR. KHAWAJA SALAHUDIN RUBATECH MANUFACTURING CO. PVT. LTD DSU 32/13, PAKISTAN STEEL INDUSTRIAL ESTATE BIN QASIM KARACHI. 
994 MR. MUHAMMAD OVAIS MALIK MR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM UDDIN ROOM NO. 329 ANEXY BUILDING OLD KBCA BEHIND CIVIC CENTER 
995 MR. MAHMOOD KHALID QAMAR MR. MOHAMMAD SHARIF PALNNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB CIVIL SECRETERIAT IATE LAHORE 
996 MR. QASIM RASHID MR. ABDUL RASHID FEDERAL FLOOD COMMISSION MINISTRY OF WATER & POWER, 16-D EAST, SAFDAR MANSION BLUE AREA ISLAMABAD 
997 MR. NASIR MEHMOOD MR. ABDUL HAMID PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT REGIONAL METERIOLOGICAL CENTER, KHYBER ROAD PESHAWER- 25000 PAKISTAN 
998 MR. MUHAMMAD MOHSIN DURRANI MR. KHAN ZAMAN DURRANI PUNJAB EMERGENCY SERVICE RESCUE 1122 HEAD QUARTERS MAIN FEROZEPUR ROAD, LAHORE 
999 MRS. SEEMA AQEEL AQIL AHMED ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (EAD) 
1000 MRS. KIRAN SAEED MUHAMMAD SAEED MANSOOR CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA), G-7/4 MAUVE AREA ISLAMABAD 
1001 MS. GHAZALA NAEEM SYED NAEEM UD DIN RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION AUTHORITY (ERRA) PRIME MINISTERS SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN 
1002 MR. MUHAMMAD KHALID QURESHI MR. INAM QURESSHI (LATE) FEDERAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (FIA) HQ G-9/4, ISLAMABAD. 
1003 DR. FARRUKH NASIR MR. MOHAMMAD NASIR RAZA TB REFRANCE LABORATORY CITY HOSPITAL KOHAT ROAD PESHAWER 
1004 MR. ARSHAD MAHMOOD mR. aBDUL gHANI FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS 
1005 MR. KAMRAN NAWAZ KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD NAWAZ KHAN M/O SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4TH FLOOR EVACUEE TRUST COMPUTER F-5/1 ISLAMABAD 
1006 MS. NAHEED NASIR MR. NASIR ABDUL JALEEL GOVT. TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTRE FOR WOMEN 
1007 MR. MUHAMMAD KHALID CHUADHRY MR. CHAUDHRY UMAR UD DIN  
1008 MR. MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ MR. REHMAT ALI PUNJAB IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AUTHORITY CPIDA 
1009 MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN NASHAD MR. ALLAH DITTA IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT PUNJAB 
1010 MR. MUHAMMAD WASEM MUHAMMAD YOUNIS O/o GENERAL MANAGER PLANNING POWER, NTDC WAPDA BASEMENT, WAPDA HOUSE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN 
1011 MR. SOHAIL MUMTAZ BAJWA MR. MUMTAZ AHMAD BAJWA NTDC (WAPDA) 154- WAPDA HOUSE LAHORE 
1012 MR. MUHAMMAD HASHIM TAREEN MR. MUHAMMAD AKBAR KHAN HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CIVIL SECRETERIAT 
1013 MR. MUHAMMAD AMIR DR. M. RIAZ HUSSAIN POLPULATION CENSUS ORGANIZATION KARIM BLOCK IQBAL TOWN LAHORE 
1014 MR. MUHAMMAD FAHIM AHMED MR. BASEER AHMAD GUL PAKISTAN METEOROLOGIST DEPTT, H-8/2, ISLAMABAD. 
1015 MR. ALAM ZEB MR. SHER UMAR PAKISTAN METEOROLOGIST DEPT. GEOPHYSICAL CENTER QUETTA 
1016 MR. FAZLI WAHAB MR. HAJI NAWAB FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY WORKS & SERVICE DEPTT, N.W.F.P PESHAWER 
1017 MR. ANSAR MEHMOOD WARRAICH CH. MUHAMMAD SADDIQ COMMUNICATION AND WORKS DEPERTMENT GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB LAHORE 
1018 MR. IQBAL DARA MR. ABDUL HAKEEM SPECIAL BRANCH, C.P.O 1ST FLOOR I.I. CHUNDRIGAR ROAD KARACHI. 
1019 MR. JAVED ISLAM CH. ABDUL WAHID CRIME INVESTIFGATION DEPARTMENT PUNJAB POLICE 30-K, GULBERG-II LAHORE 
1020 MR. SAMI-UD-DIN SHAH TAHIR SYED MUNAWAR SHAH COMMISSIONERAT RELIEF REHABILITATION 5-B UPPER CHATTAR MUZAFARABAD AZAD KASHMIR 
1021 MR. AZIZULLAH KASI MR. ABDUL RAZIQ KHAN COMMUNICATION & WORKS DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN, BLOCK #7, CIVIL SECTERARIAT QUETTA 
1022 MR. NAZIR AHMED SHEIKH MR. MUHAMMAD PIYARAL WORKS & SERVICES DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF SINDH, 3 RD FLOOR SINDH SECRETERIAT NO.1 KARACHI 
1023 MR. MUHAMMAD ALAMGIR MR. SHAKOOR MUHAMMAD WORKS & SERVICE DEPTT: 3RD FLOOR SECTERIAT BUILDING NO.1 KARACHI 
1024 MR. MUHAMMAD IDREES AHMED MR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF INSPECTOR GENERAL OF BALOCHISTAN POLICE, SHAHRAH-E-GULISTAN, QUETTA 
1025 MRS. RABIA KHALID MR. MEHBOOB ALAM G.G HIGH SCHOOL, FEROZEPURE ROAD, MONZANG, LAHORE 
1026 MS. MEHAR ANGEZ MR. SHAZAD SHAUKAT WHO, PRL FOR PEI, DEPTT OF VIROLOGY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH ISLAMABAD 
1027 MR. NADEEM HUSSAIN MALIK MR. AMJAD HUSSAIN MALIK NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY, 27 MAUVE AREA SECTOR G-9/1 ISLAMABAD 
1028 MR. SOHAIL AHMED BRIG (R) FATEH KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 27- MAUVE AREA G-9/1 ISLAMABAD 
1029 MR. NADEEM AHMAD CH. KHUSHI MUHAMMAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION (NISTE), H-8 ISLAMABAD 
1030 MR. SHAKEEL AHMED SYED SHAHJEHAN EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION AUTHORITY (ERRA) PM SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD 
1031 MR. MUHAMMAD TARIQ MR. RABNAWAZ KHAN FRONTIER HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY WORKS & SERVICES DEPTT: NWFP. 
1032 Dr. MUHAMMAD REHAN UL HAQ Mr. M. Anzar Ul Haq Geoscience advance research labs. Geological survey of Pakistan, Shehzad Town Islamabad 
1033 MS. FARAH FAROOQ FArooq Ahmed Federal Board Of Revenue, Islamabad 
1034 MR. RAFIQUZZAMMAN KHAN SALAMATULLAH KHAN THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL LARGE TAXPAYERS UNIT (LTU), GROUND FLOOR PRC TOWERS, 35- A, LALAZAR, M.T. KHAN ROAD, KARACHI. 
1035 MR. GHULAM MUHAMMAD SYED AUSAF ALI MODEL COLLECTORATE OF CUSTOMS (PACCS) CUSTOM HOUSE, KARACHI 
1036 MR. AZHAR HUSAIN MERCHANT MR. YUSAF AL MERCHANT CUSTOM HOUSE , KARACHI 
1037 MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD NAWAZ KHAN MODEL CUSTOM COLLECTORATE NEW CUSTOM HOUSE KARACHI. 
1038 MR. RAFIULLAH BANGASH MR. SADULLAH Khan CUSTOM ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS PROJECT 
1039 MR. ZAHEER AHMED KHAN MR. UMAID ALI KHAN MODEL CUSTOM COLLECTORATE, CUSTOM HOUSE, KARACHI 
1040 MR. ABDUL MAJEED RAJPUT MR. CHHOTAY KHAN MODEL COLLECTORATE OF CUSTOM (MCC) CUSTOM HOUSE KARACHI 
1041 MR. MUHAMMAD AZAM NAFEES MR. NAFEES AHMED KHAN SALES TAX AND FEDERAL EXCISE LARGE TAX PAYERS UNIT, PRC, TOWERS LALAZAR M.T KHAN ROAD KARACHI. 
1042 MR. MUHAMMAD NADEEM SHAHID MR. WALI MUHAMMAD PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY ASSISTANCE CENTER(PITAC) 
1043 MR. MUHAMMAD NAWAZ KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD MASOOD KHAN DIRECTORATE GENERAL IMMIGRATION AND PASSPORT 
1044 MR. OWAIS NAUMAN KUNDI MR. RUSTAM KHAN KUNDI MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT LOCAL GOVT. COMPLEX BUILDING; OPP ILO OFFICE NEAR STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN SECTOR G-5/2 ISLAMABAD. 
1045 MR. INAYAT ULLAH KAHN NIAZI MR. S. M. KHALIL FEDERAL BOARD OF REVENUE, MODEL COLLECTORATE OF CUSTOMS, LAHORE. 
1046 MR. JAVED AKBAR RIAZ MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN SINDH POLICE CENTRAL POLICE OFFICE 1.1 CHUNDRIGAR ROAD KARACHI 
1047 MR. ABDUS SAMAD MR. AZMAT KHAN GOVT HIGH SCHOOL SURITI KALLA DISTRICT KARAK 
1048 MR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM ANJUM MR. REHMAT ALI PAKISTAN METEROLOGICAL DEPTT SECTOR H-8/2, P.O. BOX 1214 ISLAMABAD. 
1049 MR. MUHAMMAD ZAHEER AHMAD BABAR mr. nazir ahmad saigal PAKISTAN METEROLOGICAL DEPTT SECTOR H-8/2, P.O. BOX 1214 ISLAMABAD. 
1050 MR. ALI HUSSAIN mr. raza ali rescue 1122 central station muree road rawwlpindi. 
1051 MR. MUHAMMAD ASIF QURESHI mr. qureshi sher muhammad city district government rawlpindi 
1052 DR. TANVEER AKHTAR mr. akhtar hussain punjab emergency service (rescue 1122) central station rawalpindi 
1053 MR. SAQIB ZAFAR dr. zafar ali edo(finance & planning) dco office rawalpindi. 
1054 MR. ZAHID SULTAN ch. sultan ahmad build control dept, CDA 
1055 SAYED MASHKOURUL HASNAIN SAYED HAZOOR UL HASNAIN KARACHI WATER AND SEWERAGE BOND 9TH KARACHI 
1056 MR. MUHAMMAD ASHFAQUE MR. AMIN UL HAQUE iNSECT PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, NARC, ISLAMABAD. 
1057 MR. NASEER AHMAD CH. MUHAMMAD YASIN WATER AND SANITATION AGENCY WASA, H.Q BUILDING LIAQAT BAGH MURREE ROAD RAWALPINDI. 
1058 MR. MUHAMMAD KASHIF ILYAS MR. MUHAMMAD ILYAS PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES PROGRAM, NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER, ISLAMABAD. 
1059 MR. ABDUL GHAFOOR MR. REHMAT ALI PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES PROGRAM, NARC, ISLAMABAD. 
1060 MR. MUHAMMAD SOHAIL SHEHZAD MR. ABDUL AZIZ DIRECTORATE GENERAL, PEST WARNING & QUALITY CONTROL OF PESTICIDES, PUNJAB, LAHORE. 
1061 MR. M. IBRAHIM VIGHIO MR. JAN MUHAMMAD DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TRAINING AND RESEARCH CUSTOMS, SALES TAX & FRAUD EXCUSE, OLD CUSTOM, KARACHI. 
1062 MR. MIAN MUHAMMAD JAMIL AFAQI CH. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORUTY (SMEDA) 
1063 MR. MUHAMMAD ARIF MR. MUHAMMAD YOUNIS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH, ISLAMABAD. 
1064 MR. MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD MR. SARDAR MUHAMMAD PAKISTAN HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT LIAQAT BARRACKS, KARACHI 
1065 MR. MUHAMMAD ARSHAD CHAUDHRY MUHAMMAD DIN TEVTA SECRETERIAT, ACADEMIC DEPTT. 96-H, GULBERG-II LAHORE 
1066 DR. SYED MAZHAR ALI SHAH SYED ABDUL GHANI SHAH DISTRICT T.B CONTROL OFFICER ABBOTTABAD. 
1067 MR. NAYYAR IQBAL PIR MUHAMMAD KHAN HAZRAT AGRICULTURE RESEARCH STATION P.O MIRPUR ABBOTTABAD. 
1068 MR. ASIF REHMAN MIAN MUHAMMAD FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD. 
1069 DR. MUHAMMAD SALEEM MR. INAYAT HEALTH DEPTT, GOVT. OF NWFP 
1070 DR. MUHAMMAD MUSTAFA ALAM MR. NASRULLAH JAN DIRECTORATE GENERAL HEALTH SERVICES GOVERNMENT OF NWFP 
1071 MR. ASHFAQ AHMAD KHAN MR. MOJ DIN KHAN SSP TRAFFIC POLICE, ISLAMABAD. 
1072 MR. KHALIL AHMED SOOMRO MR. JAN MUHAMMAD DIRECTOR OF SANITATION, CAPITAL (CDA) DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, ISLAMABAD. 
1073 MR. MUSHTAQ AHMAD MR. ABDUL GHANI KHAN WATER AND SANITATION AGENCY (WASA) MULTAN 
1074 MR. RAO MUHAMMAD QASIM MR. RAO MUHAMMAD ISHAQ PUNJAB COMMUNITY WATER SUPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT (PHED) B-340, NEAR JAMIA MOSQUE NOOR, GULGASHT COLONY, MULTAN. 
1075 DR. ASLAM PERVAIZ MR. BASHIR AHMAD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT NEW BLOCK DCO COMPLEX FAISALABAD. 
1076 MR. SAEED AHMAD MR. ARBAB MUHAMMAD HASHIM LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT BALOCHISTAN CHILTAN TOWN BLOCK #4 SATELLITE TOWN QUETTA. 
1077 MR. KARAM KHAN MR. SHER KHAN PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT SECTOR H-8, ISLAMABAD. 
1078 MR. TAHIR MAHMOOD CH. EJAZ UN NABI O/O CHIEF ENGINEER (EHU) NTDC HOUSE , 34 INDUSTRIAL AREA, GULBERG-iii LAHORE 
1079 MR. SHAFEEQ AHMAD MR. FIDA MUHAMMAD KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY, 27 MAUVE AREA G-9/1 ISLAMABAD. 
1080 MR. ABDUSSABOOH MR. SARBULAND KHAN NISTE M/O EDUCATION FAIZ AHMED FAIZ ROAD H 8/1 ISLAMABAD. 
1081 MS. TAHIRA MARYUM mr. amin hafeez HEALTH DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF PUNJAB 24. COPPER ROAD LAHORE. 
1082 MR. TARIQ MUSTAFA KHAN MR. G. MUSTAFA KHAN REGIONAL TAX OFFICE, INCOME TAX HOUSE ATA TURK ROAD, KARACHI. 
1083 MR. MUHAMMAD YOUSAF TARAR CHAUDHRY MUBARAK ALI TARAR AREA WATER BOARD, LCC(EAST) CIRCLE 
1084 MR. SAEED AHMAD MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM AREA WATER BOARD, LCC(EAST) CIRCLE 
1085 MR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD HANIF EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, LOWER GUGERA DIVISION, LCC (EAST), CIRCLE, CANAL OFFICERS, OPP. STATE BANK, FAISALABAD. 
1086 MR. MUHAMMAD ZAFAR ALI MR. MIAN SHABBIR AHMAD CID – NWFP, PHASE-V, HAYATABAD – PESHAWAR 
1087 MR. RIAZ AHMED SOOMRO MR. GHULAM YASEEN SOOMRO MICRO SEISMIC STUDIES PROGRAMME, P.O NILORE ISLAMABAD. 
1088 MR. ABDUL MALIK DURRANI MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE DURRANI FEDERAL BOARD OF REVENUE, CONSTITUTIONAL AVENUE, ISLAMABAD. 
1089 MR. SHAHZAD SULTAN MR. SULTAN MUHAMMAD PAKISTAN METEREOLIGIST DEPARTMENT ISLAMABAD. 
1090 MR. MUHAMMAD ALEEM UL HASSAN RAMAY MR. MUHAMMAD SHARIF PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT NATIONAL WEATHER FORECAST CENTER H-8 ISLAMABAD. 
1091 MR. MUKHTAR ALI MR. MUMTAZ ALI PAKISTAN TOURISM DEV. CORP. HOUSE # 32, STREET # 48, F 8/4 ISLAMABAD. 
1092 MR. FAQIR HUSSAIN MR. MUHAMMAD AYUB SSP/INVESTIGATION OFFICE DISTRICT COURT SHARA-E-IQBAL QUETTA 
1093 MR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN WAHID MR. MALIK ABDUL WAHID REGIONAL TAX OFFICE SALES TAX AND FEDERAL EXCISE, SALES TAX HOUSE 4 FAME ROAD LAHORE 
1094 MR. EHSANULLAH MR. SAMAD DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT, WAPDA, CHILAS. 
1095 MR. MURSHID AMIN KHATTAK MR. MOHAMMAD AMIN KHATTAK NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) 
1096 MR. ZAHID FARRUKH MR. AMEER HUSSAIN G.P.S AZAM COLONY GOVT. STAFF QUATERS NO. 6 KHAIRPUR 
1097 MR. SADIQUE ALI MR. AZIZ ULLAH TUMRANI GOVT. HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL KUMB DISTRICT KHAIRPUR 
1098 MR. KHAIRUL ZADA MR. PIR ZADA GOVERNMENT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL KARAPA, BUNER 
1099 MR. MUNIR AHMAD MR. MUHAMMAD MUKHTAR OFFICE OF EXECUTIVE DISTRICT OFFICER, KASUR 
1100 MR. ASIM ALI MR. MUHAMMAD SHAFI CTSC GOVERNMENT HIGHER SECODARY SCHOOL KANGAN PUR DISTRICT KASUR PUNJAB 
1101 MS. ZEHRA BATUL MR. ABID HUSSAIN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS MODEL SCHOOL I-8/1 ISLAMABAD. 
1103 MS. SAMINA FAROOQ MR. MUHAMMAD FAROOQ F.G.G.M.S G-6/1-3, ISLAMABAD. 
1104 MS. NASIRA HAMID MR. RAO MUHAMMAD HAMID FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS SECONDARY SCHOOL NOOR PUR SHAHAN ISLAMABAD. 
1105 MS. NASREEN AKHTAR MR. MUHAMMAD YAR CHISTI GOVERNMET GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL DONGA BONGA BAHAWAL NAGAR 
1106 MR. RAO INTIZAR ALI MR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL F.G BOYS SECONDARY SCHOOL TARLAI ISLAMABAD. 
1107 MS. SADIA SARWAR GILL MR. GHULAM SARWAR GILL FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, H-9, ISLAMABAD. 
1108 MR. ZAFAR ABBAS  EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION AUTHORITY (ERRA) 
1109 MR. KHALIQ DAD KHAN MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD KHAN HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX-II, TAXILA 
1110 MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL mr. rehmat ullah capital development authority stp-i-9/1, islamabad. (CDA) 
1111 MR. GAHANWER ALI LAGHARI MUHAMMAD RAHIM LAGHARI BOARD OF REVENUE SINDH, BLOCK-79, PAK SECRETERATE, NEAR HIGH COURT OF SINDH, SADDDAR, KARACHI 
1112 MR. MUHAMMAD MASWOOD ALAM MR. ABDUL MANNAN CITY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KARACHI, CIVIC CENTER, MAIN UNIVERSITYROAD, KARACHI 
1113 MR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM YOUSAF MR. MUHAMMAD YOUSAF FIRE BRIGADE DEPARTMENT, CITY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KARACHI 
1114 MR. JAWAD AKRAM MR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM DISTRICT GOVERNMENT BADIN 
1115 MR. SOHAIL PERVEZ AHMED MR. ISHTIAQ AHMED THAL ENGINEERING/ PLOT 1,2, 25 AND 26, SECTOR 22 KORANGI INDUSTRIAL AREA KARACHI 
1116 MR. MUHAMMAD IMRAN SHAHZAD MR. MUHAMMAD ZAMAN ISLAMABAD MODEL COLLEGE FOR BOYS, F-10/3, ISSLAMABAD. 
1117 MS. SHAZIA ASIM MR. ASIM G. G. COMP. HIGH SCHOOL, SARGODHA 
1118 MR. FAYYAZ NADEEM MR. MUHAMMAD BOOTA NADEEM GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE. 
1119 MR. SAJID MANZOOR ASADI MR. MANZOOR AHMED NATIONAL VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION COMMISSION (NAVTEC) 
1120 MR. MUHAMMAD TAYYAB ABDULLAH MR. ABDULLAH NATIONAL VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION COMMISSION (NAVTEC) 
1121 MR. MANSOOR AZAM CHAUDHARY SARDAR MUHAMMAD NATIONAL VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION COMMISSION (NAVTEC) 
1122 MR. BASHIR AHMED ANSARI MR. AHMED ANSARI GOVERNMENT VOCATIONAL INSTITUTE (BOYS), SUKKAR. 
1123 MR. RAZAULLAH MR. MUSA KHAN GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NOWSHERA. 
1124 MR. MUHAMMAD FALAK ZEB MR. MUHAMMAD SAEED GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NOWSHERA. 
1125 MR. IMRAN AHMAD KHAN MR. SULTAN AHMAD KHAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, H-8/1, ISLAMABAD. 
1126 MR. HAMID HUSSAIN CH. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION H-9, ISLAMABAD. 
1127 MR. SUHAEL AHMED MR. NIZAMUDIN AHMED TECHNOLOGY UPD RADIOLOGY & SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY STAM CEMENT OORP BUILDING, KOT LAKHPAT, LAHORE 
1128 MR. ASGHAR ALI MR. MUHAMMAD JANAB SP HOUSE FAISALABAD PUNJAB 
1129 MR. ZAFAR IQBAL MR. GULAM MURTAZA ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN, 333, BLOCK C PAK SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD 
1130 MR. KHALID JAVAID CH. HABIBULLAH KHAN LOK VIRSA GARDEN AVENEU SHAKARPARIAN 
1131 MR. MUHAMMAD ARSHAD MR. MIRAJ DIN HYDRALIC RESEARCH STATION NANDIPUR 
1132 MR. SHAHZAD HUSSAIN MR. ISHTIAQ HUSSAIN COMMUNICATION AND WORKS DEPARTMENT GOVT OF PAKISTAN 
1133 MR. NAVEED IQBAL MUHAMMAD IQBAL WORKS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT GOVT OF NWFP 
1134 MR. ZAFAR HASAN REZA SYED TALIB HUSSAIN MINISTRY OF ECONIMICAL AFFAIRS GOVERNMENT OF PAKSITAN “C” BLOCK PAK SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD 
1135 MR. MOHAMMAD SHUAIB MR. AYUB KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
1136 MR. SHAHRAFAT ALI KHAN MR. SUFI BAI MURKHUN VILLAGE ORGANIZATION (MVO) 
1137 MR. AMJAD ALI MR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN MURKHUN VILLAGE ORGANIZATION (MVO) 
1138 MR. AHMED KAMAL MR. ILYAS AHMED FEDERAL FLOOD COMISSION, M/O WATER AND POWER PLOT NO. 6, NEAR OLD M.N.A HOSTEL, G-5/1, ISLAMABAD. 
1139 MR. MUHAMMAD MAZHAR ALI MR. ANWAR BAIG COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES DEPARTMENT, ICT ADMINISTRATION F-8 MARKAZ, ISLAMABAD. 
1140 MS. SHERIN NAZ MR. AHMAD MASOOD JANJUA DCO OFFICE RAWALPINDI. 
1141 MS. SHAZIA MIR MR. MIR GHULAM HAIDER MINISTRY OF WOMEN DEVELOPMENT ISLAMABAD. 
1142 MR. SAJID MAHMOOD MINHAS MR MUHAMMAD DARAZ DISTRICT OFFICE CIVIL DEFENSE, RAWALPINDI 
1143 MR. ASLAM IMRAN MR. ASLAM PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT SECTOR H-8/2, ISLAMABAD. 
1144 MR. KHALIQ FARHAN MR. ABDUL KHALIQ PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT SECTOR H-8/2, ISLAMABAD. 
1145 MR. TANVIR AHMAD ZAFFAR MR. SHEIKH ZAFFAR-UL-ISLAM TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY TEVTA SECRETERIAT, 96- GULBERG ROAD, LAHORE, PAKISTAN. 
1146 MR. MUHAMMAD AQEEL MR. MUHAMMAD BASHIR GEVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE 
1147 MR. MAHMOOD AKHTAR KHAN SALEEM MR. ABDUL BARI KHAN GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE 
1148 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI ABBASI MIAN GHULAM MUHAMMAD GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE 
1149 MR. IJAZ AHMED KHOKHAR M. INAYAT KHOKHAR MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION D BLOCK PAKISTAN 
1150 MS. RAHEEL ASGHAR MR. ALI ASGHAR COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER 
1151 MR. QAMAR ZEB MR. MUHAMMAD ZEB AGRICULTURE RESEARCH CENTER IN STITUTE TARNAB PESHAWAR 
1152 MR. IFTIKHAR AHMED MR. ABDUL RAHMAN PAKISTAN OIL SEED DEVELOPMENT BOARD (PODB) 
1158 MR. ZUBAIR AHMED BAJKANI MR. MIRZA KHAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY 
1159 MR. MUHAMMAD WAJID AMIN GILL MR. MUHAMMAD AMIN PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT REOGINAL CENTER, 46JAIL ROAD LAHORE 
1160 MR. ASIF HUSSAIN SHAH MR. HASSAN AKHTAR ECONOMICS AFFIARS DIVISION, R. NO. 408, C BLOCK 
1161 MR. QAMAR-UL-ZAMAN MR. SHUJAAT AHMED PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, H-8/2 ISLAMABAD 
1162 MR. ASIF KHAN MR. SAUDAD KHAN MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, BLOCK-A, PAK SECRETERIAT, ISLAMABAD 
1163 MR. MUHAMMAD TAYYAB GHULAM JILANI D.S OFFICE, PAKISTAN RAILWAYS PESHAWAR 
1164 MR. MUHAMMAD YAMIN MR. AMIR KHAN DIRECTORATE OF ANTI-CORRUPTION, JINNAH LANE, PESHAWER CANTT 
1165 MR. MUBASHAR JAMAL MR. ZAHIR UD DIN COMPETITION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN 4-C, DIPLOMATIC ENCLAVE, G-5, ISLAMABAD. 
1166 MR. AGHA BABAR ALI KHAN MR. AGHA SOHAIL ALI KHAN PAKISTAN METEREOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, HEADQUARTERS OFFICE, SECTOR H-8/2, ISLAMABAD. 
1167 MS. AYESHA HUSSAIN MR. IMRAN KHALID BUTT 217 HAIDER CHAMBER FARIDKOT ROAD, LAHORE. 
1168 MR. AZHAR NISAR SHEIKH MR. NISAR AHMAD SHEIKH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH, ISLAMABAD. 
1169 MR. ASIF SHUJA KHAN  PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 311 MARGALLAH ROAD, F 11/3, ISLAMABAD. 
1170 MR. MIRZA NAEEM AHMAD MUGHAL MR. MIRZA ABDULLAH MUGHAL ENVIRONEMTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GOVERNMENT OF SINDH 
1171 MR. GHULAM MURTAZA MR. ABDUL RASHEED WATER QUALITY LABORATORY PCRWR, HOUSE B-278/2, KDA, SCHEME 36, MAIN UNIVERSITY ROAD, GULSHAN E JANHAR, KARACHI 
1172 MR. GHULAM RASOOL JAMALI MR. MOULA BUX JAMALI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY BALOCHISTAN, 
1173 MR. NASEEBULLAH MR. MUHAMMAD SAEED IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT , GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN, BLOCK NO.7 CIVIL SECRETERIAT QUETTA PAKISTAN 
1174 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, GENERAL , EPA BALOCHISTAN, WOOD COCK NURSERY SAMUNGALI ROAD, QUETTA. 
1175 DR. ZAFAR SHAH MR. NADIR SHAH PUNJAB EMERGENCY SERVICE (RESCUE 1122), MISSION CHOWK, HIGH STREET, SAHIWAL. 
1176 MR. RAFIQUE HUSSAIN TALPUR MR. DHANI BUX TALPUR MINISTRY OF TOURISM, 9TH FLOOR, GREEN TRUST TOWER, BLUE AREA, ISLAMABAD. 
1177 MR. GOHAR KHAN MR. SHER ALAM KHAN CDA, WATER QUALITY CONTROL CELL. C.E. LABORATORY G 7/4, ISLAMABAD. 
1178 MR. AMIR FAROOQ MR. MUHAMMAD BUKSH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION DEPARTMENT, GOVERNKMET OF PUNJAB GATE #8 NATIONAL HOCKEY STADIUM LAHORE 
1179 MR. AASIM INAM MR. INAM UL HAQ SHAMI NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA), 28 MANUE AREA G-9/1, NHA ISLAMABAD. 
1180 MR. MUHAMMAD SHABIR MR. MALIK FAIZ ULLAH GIRLS H/S KAPEBATT, MZD, AJK 
1181 MR. DAWOOD ABDULLAH MR. MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOL, QUETTA 
1182 MR. SHARIF HUSSAIN MR. HAZRAT SHARIF REFORMS CELL, ESTABLISHMENT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF NWFP 
1183 MR. ADIL SAEED MR. AJMAL KHAN HEALTH DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF NWFP, KHYBER ROAD, HRD BUILDING PESHAWAR 
1184 MS. JAVERIA ISLAM MR. SAJID HUSSAIN F. G GIRLS HIGHER SECONDARY HERDOGHER(FIA) ISLAMABAD. 
1185 MS. FAIZA YOUSAF  GOVERNMENT GIRLS HIGH SCHOOLTORBAT DISTRICT BOLICHISTAN. 
1186 MR. ABDUL MALIK MR. MUHAMMAD ANWAR GHS KOHI SHER HAIDER BARA KHYBER AGENCY 
1187 MS. FOUZIA GUL MR. MUSTAN KHAN RHC, SIHALA, ICT, ISLAMABAD. 
1188 ENGR. ABDUL RAUF MR. ABDUL SHAKOOR NHA PAVEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY, BURBAN 
1189 DR. SHAHAB KHANZADA DR. RONAQ ZAMAN KHANZADA NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY, 27 MAUVE AREA, G-9/1, ISLAMABAD. 
1190 DR. HAZRAT BILAL MR. BISMILLAH KHAN DEPARTMENT OF CHILD HEALTHKHYBER TEACHER HOSPITAL PESHAWAR 
1191 MR. ASGHAR KHAN MR. SULTAN MUHAMMAD GOVERNMENT HIGH SECONDARY SCHOOL QUETTA 
1192 MS. UZMA NAZIR MR. NAZIR AHMED NAEEM F.G JUNIOR MODEL SCHOOL G-7/1, ISLAMABAD. 
1193 MS. NIGHAT KOUSAR MR. KHAN BADSHAH GGHS CHAGHAR MATTI PESHAWAR 
1194 MRS. NAVEEDA AFRIDI MR. UBAIDULLAH GOVERNMENT GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL, JAMRUD, KHYBER AGENCY 
1195 MS. SADAF MUGHAL MR. ABDUL QAYUUM MUGHAL GOVERNMENT GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL, KAHORI, MUZAFARABAD 
1196 MS. SHAHIDA NAZ MR. ATTA MUHAMMAD GOVERNMAT GIRLS INTER COLLAGE BALA DISTRICT MUZAFFARABAD 
1197 MR. YASSER QURESHI MR BASHIR AHMED QURESHI MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT, ISLAMABAD 
1198 MR. NASIR KHAN MR. AMIR SHAH GOVERNEMENT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL JAMRUD KHYBAR AGENCY 
1199 MR. AKBAR HUSSAIN AFRIDI MR. SULTAN HUSSAIN GPS MOHAMMADI SHAH KILLI SAMABADABER, PESHAWAR 
1200 MR. FAHIM AHMED KHAN LODHI MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD KHAN LODHI CITY DISTRICT GOVERNMENT MULTAN 
1201 MR. SHAHID BASHIR MR. BASHIR AHMAD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CITY DISTRICT MULTAN 
1202 MR. SHAHRUKH MR. SAGHIR AHMED SIDDIQUI NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KARACHI. 
1203 MR. IQBALA BABLANI LATE SHER MUHAMMAD GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF SINDH 
1204 MR. MUHAMMAD RIZWAN ALI MR. FAQIR HUSSAIN OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY WOOD COOK SPINNY NURSERY MAIN SUMANGALI ROAD, QUETTA BALOCHISTAN. 
1205 MR. ABDUL RASHEED MR. SALEH MUHAMMAD INSPECTORATE OF MINES, MINES AND MINERALS DEPRT. QUETTA 
1206 MR. QAZI TALLAT MAHMOOD SIDDIQUI MR. QAZI SAFI AHMED SIDDIQUI O/O CHIEF ENGINEERING ADVISER/ CHAIRMAN FEDERAL FLOOD COMMISION PLOT 6, NEAR OLD MNA HOSTEL, G-5/1, ISLAMABAD. 
1207 DR. NOSHEENA SALEEM MR. SALEEM KASHMIRI GOVT. COLLEGE OF HOME ECONOMICS GULBERG LAHORE. 
1208 MR. SHAHANI ALI AKHTAR MR. HABIBULLAH RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN LIVESTOCK DEPARTMENT SINDH 
1209 SYED SHAH HASSAN SYED YOUSAF HUSSAIN REGIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TEACHING EDUCATION (M) GULBAHAR NO. 2 PESHAWER 
1210 MR. MUHAMMAD ATHAR WAHEED MR. MUHAMMAD SADIQ POLICE SERVICE OF PAKSITAN, OFFICE OF REGIONAL POLICE OFFICER, LALKURTI, RAWALPINDI 
1211 MR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF RANA MR. RANA MUHAMMAD SHARIF PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACADEMY LALAMUSA DISTRICT GILGIT PUNJAB 
1212 MR. MUHAMMAD TARIQ MR. MUHAMMAD YAQOOB PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACADEMY, LALAMUSA 
1213 MR. RAZ MUHAMMAD KHAN MR. MAHMOOD SHAH GPS KALAN DISTRICT BUNER NWFP 
1214 MR. MASOOD AKHTAR MR. MUHAMMAD SHARIF NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY PRIME MINISTER’S SECRETERIAT, ISLAMABAD. 
1215 HAFIZ RUBNAWAZ MR. ALLAH DIWAYA KHAN PCSIR LEATHER RESEARCH CENTER, D-102 SOUTH AVENUE SITE KARACHI 
1216 MR. TARIQ MEHMOOD MR. ABDUL KHALIQ COUNTRY FOCUSED TRAINING FOR TECHNICAL COOPERATION 
1217 SYED TALAT ABBAS MR. SAFDAR HUSSAIN BUREAU OF CURICULUM 
1218 MS. SEEMA ISMAT KHAN MR. ABRAR AHMED KHAN PCSIR LABORATORIES COMPLEX KARACHI, OFF UNIVERSITY ROAD KARACHI, 75280 
1219 DR. KHAULA SHIRIN MR. ABDUL REHMAN PCSIR LABORATORIES COMPLEX KARACHI, OFF UNIVERSITY ROAD KARACHI, 75280 
1220 MR. MASOOD AHMED  NATIONAL PHYSICAL & STANDARDIZATION LABORATORY, PCSIR, 16-H-9, ISLAMABAD. 
1221 MR. MOHAMMAD AJMAL BHATTI MR. MOHAMMAD AKRAM BHATTI PROVINCIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, NWFP. 
1222 MR. AMJAD MAHMOOD MR. IFTIKHAR AHMED KHAN FINANCE DIVISION BLOCK Q PAK SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD. 
1223 MR. JAHAN ZEB ASLAM MR. MIAN MUHAMMAD ASLAM SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRIZE AUTHORITY, 8TH FLOOR, LDA PLAZA, EGERTON ROAD, LAHORE. 
1224 MR. SHAFIQ-UR-REHMAN MR. MATI-UR-REHMAN PAKSITAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, H-8/2, ISLAMABAD. 
1225 MR. SALMAAN SHARIF CH. MUHAMMAD SHARIF NATIONAL ISNTITUTE OF HEALTH, PARK ROAD, CHAK SHAHZAD, ISLAMABAD. 
1226 SYED ZIA HUSSAIN SHAH MR. MUMTAZ HUSSAIN SHAH CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA), ISLAMABAD. 
1227 MR. MUHAMMAD RAHEEL ADNAN MR. IRSHAD AHMAD DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, THE ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF BAHAWALPUR, PUNJAB 
1228 MS. SAADAT HAMEED RATHOR RAJA ABDUL HAMEED RATHOR ISLAMABAD MODEL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS, ST # 25, F 6/2, ISLAMABAD. 
1229 MS. MARYAM RIAZ mr. muhammad anas ganaie small and medium enterprises development authority (smeda) 
1230 MR. NAZ ALI KHAN MR. HAMZA KHAN GOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOL MIRZAKAY DISTRICT BUNER NWFP 
1231 MR. MIRQAD AYAZ KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD DILBAR SHAH HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX, TAXILA 
1232 MS. FAREHA SULTANA MR. IMRAN AHMED HASHMI MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS & STATISTICS. 
1233 MR. KHALID RASHEED MR. ABDUL RASHEED MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS & STATISTICS. 
1234 MR. MUHAMMAD YUNUS BHATTI  PUNJAB IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AUTHORITY/ PUNJAB IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT 
1235 MR. UMAR ALI KHAN MR. SABZ ALI KHAN ROOM NO. 508, ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION, BLOCK C, PAK SECRETERIAT, ISLAMABAD. 
1236 MS. SEEMA AKHTAR MR. MUHAMMAD ALI KHAN FEDERAL DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION, F.G JUNIOR MODEL SCHOOL, G-10/3, ISLAMABAD. 
1237 MR. KHALID KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD KHAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN 
1238 MR. MUHAMMAD NASEER CH. WALI MUHAMMAD TRADE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF PAKISTAN, GULISTAN COLONY NO. 2, SHEIKHUPURA ROAD, FAISALABAD. 
1239 MR. SAJJAD NAZAR BUTT MR. NAZAR MUHAMMAD BUTT TRADE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF PAKISTAN 
1240 MR. SAEED AHMAD ALVI  TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRANING AUTHORITY (TEVTA), 96-H, GULBERG-2, LAHORE 
1241 MR. ADNAN ZAHIR MR. ZAHIR ALAM TECHNICAL EDUCATION & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 
1242 MR. ABDUL JABBAR MR. UMRAO ALI KHAN GOVT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE. 
1243 MR. TAUQEER AHMED KHAN MR. NAZIR MUHAMMAD KHAN GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE 
1244 MR. AMJAD ELAHI MR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL GOVT. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE 
1245 SYED INTIKHAB ALAM SYED FAKHR-E-ALAM F.G.E HOUSING FOUNDATION, 10 MAUVE AREA, G-10-4 ISLAMABAD 
1246 DR. AAMER IRSHAD MR. IRSHAD ULLAH FOOD & AGRICULTURE SECTION, PLANNING COMMISSION 
1247 MS. REHMA RIAZ MIAN RIAZ ALI SMEDA OFFICE 
1248 MR. TARIQ RAFIQUE MR. MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE INVITRO PRESERVATION LAB, PLANT RESOURCES PROGRAMME, NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC) 
1249 MR. JAVED SHAKEEL MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN PUNJAB PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, PHE DEPARTMENT, TOBA TEK SING 
1250 MR.SHAUKAT RIZWAN MR. MOHAMMAD NISHAN GOVT. ELEMENTARY COLLEGE SHAHPUR, SADAR, DISTT. SARGODHA 
1251 MR. MOHAMMAD TAHIR MR. GHULAM NABI RC / MANGER, 399-A, GULISTAN ROAD , QUETTA. 
1252 MR. ABDUL SHABBIR KHAN KHATTAK MR. ABDUL MUNIR KHAN EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABLITATION AUTHORITY (ERRA) 
1253 MR. RASHAD RASOOL KHAN MR. GHULAM HUSSAIN KHAN DEPT. PF AGRI. ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD. 
1254 MR. MUDASSAR RIAZ MR. MUHAMMAD RIAZ HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN 
1255 MR. IQBAL AHMED MR. GHULAM MUSTAFA PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION, PLANNING COMMISSION. 
1256 MR. TAHIR ZIA MR. MUHAMMAD INAYAT PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACADMEY, LALAMUSA DISTRICT GUJRAT 
1257 MIRZA AGHA MUHAMMAD JAFAR MIRZA AGHA ASKARI DIRECTORATE OF SANITATION, CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) 
1258 MR. ABDUL KARIM MR. AHMED MEMON TRADE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 
1259 MR. JAWAD AHMED KHAN MR. MATLOOB AHMED KHAN THE URBAN UNIT , P&D DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF PUNJAB. 
1260 MR. MUHAMMAD ZAHID ABBAS  PAKISTAN METROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT 
1261 MR. AFTAB AZIZ MR. ABDUL AZIZ DIRECTORATE GENERAL, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT 
1262 MR. GHOUS BAKHSH SAHQANI MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD FBR , POST CLEARANCE AUDIT 
1263 MR. MADAN LAL MR. GORDHAN DAS POST CLEARANCE AUDIT, DIRECTORATE GENERAL PCA 
1264 MR. AHMAD BASHIR  FEDRERAL EPI CELL, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH, (NIH), 
1265 MR. MUHAMMAD NAZIR KHAN MR. KHAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT , GILGET, BALTISTAN. 
1266 MR. MUHAMMAD MAQSOOD KHAN MR. KHAN AGHA KHAN RURAL SUPORT PROGRAMME (AKRSP) 
1267 SARDAR MAJID KHAN MR. KHAN FEDERAL EPI CELL, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH (NIH) 
1268 MR. ABDU AZIZ MR. MUHAMMAD BAKHSH PAKISTAN METEROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT 
1269 MR. SAJID MAHMOOD MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ISLAMABAD 
1271 MR. TARIQ PARVEZ MR. RAHIMUDDIN FIA CRIME CIRCLE ABBOTTABAD 
1272 DR. MUHAMMAD DAWOOD KASI haji muhammad akber kasi PLANNING CELL, HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CIVIL SECRETERIAT, ZARGOON ROAD, QUETTA 
1273 MR. SHAKEEL AHMED MANGNEJO MR. ABDUL RASHEED SINDH PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REGULATORY AUTHORITY GOVERNMENT OF SINDH 
1274 MR. KHALEEL IBRAHIM YOUSFANI MR. MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM MODEL CUSTOMS COLLECTORATE (PACCS PROJECT) CUSTOMS HOUSE, KARACHI 
1275 MIR MUREED ALI MIR FATEH ALI SINDH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, SINDH 
1276 MR. JAHANGEER ASAD SOLANGI MR. ASADULLAH SOLANI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 
1277 MR. MUHAMMAD AMJAD  COMMUNCATION WORKS DEPTT. C& W SECTT, LAHORE 
1278 MR. MEHMOOD ARIF MR. MUHAMMAD ARIF NATIONAL LIBRARY AND RESOURSE CENTER, PLOT, 9-A, F-7, ISLAMABAD. 
1279 MR. ASIF IQBAL KHAN MR. SANAULLAH KHAN  
1280 MR. WAQAR UDDIN SIDDIQUE MR. SIDDIQUE ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION 
1281 SYED JALALUDIN SHAH SYED PARIAL SHAH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION, FAIZ AHMED FAIZ ROAD, SECTOR H-8, ISLAMABAD 
1282 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI  AGA KHAN RURAL SUPPOIL PROGRAM BALTISTAN 
1283 MR. FAISAL USMAN  PLANNING AND DEVISION DEPTT. GILGIT BALTISTAN 
1284 MR. AKHTAR HUSSAIN MR. MUHAMMAD HUSSAIN FBR 
1285 MR. FAZAL WAHAB MR. AHMAD GUL INSTITUTE FOR TEACHER EDUCATION (P.I.T.E) 
1286 MR. MUQUDDUS MR. SAJJAD HAIDER PM SECRETARIAT, ISLAMABAD 
1287 SYED WAJID ALI SHAH SYED FATEH ALI SHAH ROOM NO 505, A BLOCK- PAKISTAN SECRETARIAT MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, ISLAMABAD. 
1288 MR. KHUSHNAAM ALI KHAN MR. SAADULLAH JAN MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, PAK SECRETERIAT, BLOCK-A, ISLAMABAD 
1289 MR. KALIMULLAH HAJI ABDUL REHMAN GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL MUHAMMADD DIN COLONY PISHIN 
1290 MR. EZAZ HAIDER MR. FAQIH UD DIN HAIDER TEVTA, 96-H, GULBERG- ii, LAHORE 
1291 DR. MOHD TAHIR QURESHI MR. ABDUL MAJEED HEALTH DEPTT: GOVERNMENT OF SINDH 
1292 MR. ABDUL HAFEEZ ABBASI MR. ATTA MUHAMMAD SINDH TECHNICAL EDUCATION & VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 
1293 DR. BILAL ZAFAR MIAN ZAFAR IQBAL TRAINING COORDINATOR NMNCH, DISTRICT HEALTH OFFICE, NEAR STATE BANK BUILDING, CHATTAR, MUZAFARABAD 
1294 MR. ANSARI HAMID ALI MOHAMMAD RAMZAN VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER, HALA BEHIND SYED IMAM BARGAH MARKET ROAD HALA 
1295 DR. ADNAN KHATTAK MR. GULNAWAZ KHATTAK directorate general health services, khyber road, peshawer 
1296 MR. ZULFIQAR ALI MR. ZAHOOR AHMED HEALTH DIRECTORATE LINK SARIAB ROAD, QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN 
1297 mr. MUHAMMAD ISHAQUE JAMALI MR. MOULA BAKSH HOME DEPARTMENT CIVIL SECRETERIAT QUETTA 
1298 MR. IRSHAD HUSSAIN MR. MEHAR ELLAHI NAVTEC, P.M. SECTT (PUBLIC), ROOM # 310-D, ISLAMABAD 
1299 MR. NOMAN ALAM SIDDIQUI MR. IRFAN ALAM SIDDIQUI DOW UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI 
1305 DR. MUHAMMAD ASIF SYED MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE DISTRICT HOSPITAL KOISHAR HYDERABAD 
1306 MR. MUHAMMAD KASHIF MUNIR MR. MUNIR AHMAD PMRC TB RESEARCH CENTER KING EDWARD MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, LAHORE 
1307 MR. IRFAN ALI MR. GHULA ALI  
1308 MR. FAHAD AMIN MR. AMIN ULLAH GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE MIRAN SHAH 
1309 SYED YOUSAD ALI SYED SYED YOUSAF SYED GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE EKKA GHUND MOHMAND AGENCY FATA 
1310 MR. MUHAMMAD PERVEZ KHAN MR. SABIT KHAN GOVT. TACHNICAL INSTITUTE EKKA GHUND MOMAND AGENCY 
1311 DR. MUHAMMAD ILLYAS SHAZI MR. ALI ZAMAN AIRPORT HEALTH DEPARTMENT 
1312 MR. M. SALMAN QURESHI MR. ABDUL WAHEED QURESHI GOVT. TECHNICAL COLLAGE SADDA KHURRUM AGENCY 
1313 MS. SAMINA KULSOOM JAFFRI S. M. MARAJ JAFFRI GDIW, KARIMABAD KARACHI STEVTA 
1314 MS. FARHAT JAHAN RAJA MR. RAJA MUHAMMAD AMIN KHAN TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 96-H, GULBERG ROAD, LAHORE 
1315 DR. SAIRA BASHIR MR. MUHAMMAD BASHIR PAKSITAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (FATIMA JINNAHMEDICAL COLLAGE) 
1316 MS. TASLEEM AKHTAR MR. GHULAM KARIM WOMEN DEV. DIRECTOR GILGIT BALTISTAN 
1317 MS. KAUSAR ZAFAR MR. ZAFAR MEHMOOD GIRLS VOCATIONAL CENTER 
1318 MS. NOREEN GUL SAHIBZADA MR. ZARAK KHAN GIRLS VOCATIONAL CENTER HOUSE # 224-225 AMIR SHAHEED ROAD ABBOTTABAD 
1319 MS. SUMMAR JAN SIDDIQUI MR. IQBAL UD DIN SIDDIQUI GCT LHR TEVTA PUNJAB 
1320 MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM KHATTAK MR. RAB NAWAZ KHATTAK HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX TAXILA 
1321 MR. ADNAN KHURSHID MR. KHURSHID ANWAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH PARK ROAD CHAK AHAHZAD ISLAMABAD 
1322 MR. SHAFIQ AHMED QAZI M ANIS DEPARTMENT OF VIROLORY, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH CHAK SHAHZAD ISLAMABAD 
1323 MR. AMIR SULTAN MR. KHAN ZAMAN MICRO SEISMIC STUDIES PROGRAM, PINSTECH, NILORE, ISLAMABAD 
1324 MR. AHMAD ISHAQUE JEHANGIR CH. ALI AHMAD TRAFFIC HQ’S, QURBAN LINES, LAHORE 
1325 MR. NIAZ ULLAH MR. FAIZ ULLAH DEN PAKSITAN RAILWAY DS OFFICE PESHAWER 
1326 MR. MUHAMMAD NASIR MR. MUHAMMAD YAMIN PAKISTAN RAILWAY CARRIAGE FACTORY I-11/4, ISLAMABAD 
1327 MR. MUHAMMAD ARIF CHAUDHRY MR. ABDUL AZIZ SMEDA 6TH FLOOR, LDA PLAZA, EGERTON ROAD, LAHORE 
1328 MR. ASIF SALEEM MR. MUHAMMAD SALEEM AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT O/O E.D.O AGRICULTURE AZIZ BHATTI ROAD NOSHEERA CANTT NEAR GOVT. GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL 
1329 MRS. NIGHAT SAEED MR. OMAR SAEED DESIGN INTERIORS 158, STREET # 58, F11-4, ISLAMABAD 
1330 MR. MOHAMMAD SHOAIB MR. MOHAMMAD AKRAM AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TURBAT 
1331 MR. BABUR KABIR CH. KABIR AHMED KHAN PAKISTAN CUSTOMS FEDERAL BOARD OF REVENUE (FBR), CUSTOM HOUSE KARACHI 
1332 MR. MUMTAZ ALI KHAN PROF. FUZAL GHAFOOR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH ISLAMABAD 
1333 MR. ASIF RAZZAK MR. ABDUL RAZZAK GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN ST # 17/2, GULESTAN-E-JOHER UNIVERSITY ROAD, KARACHI 
1334 MR. IQTIDAR ALI MR. MUHAMMAD ISMAIL MEMON DIRECTORATE OF LIVESTOCK PLANNING AND MONITORING SINDH HYDERABAD. AUTO BHAN ROAD HUSSAINABAD 
1335 MR. HAFEEZ TAJ ABBASSI  SEINA HOUSE # 431, NEAR PC HOTEL MANSEHRA ROAD ABBOTTABAD 
1336 MS. BUSHRA JAMAL BAIG MR. JAMAL NASIR BAIG INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL AND COLLEGE, ABBOTTABAD 
1337 MS. AAMINA MR. ABDUL UR RASHEED ASTAR PROJECT NOOR ELAHI ROAD POLICELINE ABBOTTABAD 
1338 MR. ABDUL WAHID MUHAMMAD RAMZAN MIR MODERNAGE PUBLIC SCHOOL AND COLLAGE, MANSEHRA ROAD, ABBOTTABAD 
1339 MS. HUMERA GUL MALIK SARDAR KHAN PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES MCH CARE CENTER G-8 , ISLAMABAD 
1340 DR. SYED NADEEM AFZAL SYED AFZAL HUSSAIN ON FARM WATER MANAGEMENT WING OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURE DERPARTMENT, DIRECTORATE TRAINING WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE, LAHORE 
1351 MR. ABID ALI MR. SAFDAR KHAN CITY DISTRICT GOVT. PESHAWER, BACHA KHAN CHOWK 
1352 MS. HALEEMA BEGUM MR. AYWAZ ALI GOVT. GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL SARDAR ESSA KHAN 
1356 MR. MUHAMMAD LATIF HAJI MUHAMMAD ISMAIL ENERGY WING PLANNING COMMISSION, 99 WEST, SHALIMAR PLAZA BLUE AREA ISLAMABAD 
1357 MS. SAFEERA TAHIR MR. SALMAN KHALID DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT, BACHA KHAN CHOWK, PESHAWER 
1358 MR. GHULAM RASOOL  PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT GILGIT 
1359 MR. ABDUL KHABIR MR. ABDUL RAHIM DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY ROAD, GILGIT, PAKSITAN 
1360 MR. ATHAR JAMAL ABRO MR. JAMALUDDIN ABRO TRADE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF PAKISTAN, GOVT. OF PAKISTAN, F.T.C. BUILDING 3RD FLOOR, SHAHRA-E-FAISAL, KARACHI 
1361 MR. MUHAMMAD ADNAN YUNUS MR. S .M. YUNUS SIMLY DAM DIVISION, CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (CDA) 
1362 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI MR. IJAZ AHMED DIRECTORATE GENERAL LOCAL GOVENMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 
1363 RANA MUHAMMAD ATIF MR ABDUL SATTAR PAKISTAN METEOROLOGIST DEPARTMENT. 
1364 MS. SEEMA RAZA BOKHARI SAYYED AZHAR HASSAN WTO CELL, MINISTRY OF INDUSTRIED. 
1365 MR. MUSHTAQ ALI SHAHANI MR. GUL BAHAR MCC APPRAISEMENT CUSTOM HOUSE, KARACHI, FBR, REVENUE DIVISION, MINISTRY OF FINANCE. 
1366 MR. MUHAMMAD MUBARAK MR. REHMTULLAH JATOI DIRECTORATE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SINDH SHAHBAZ BUILDING THANDI SARAK HYDERABAD 
1368 MR. KHALID SALEEM HAJI MUHAMMAD TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF PUNJAB, LAHORE 
1369 MR. MUHAMMAD AZAM MIRZA  NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION (DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION) PLOT # 74, NEAR FBI & SE, H-8/4, ISLAMABAD 
1370 SYED ZAHIR ALI SHAH KAZMI  DIRECTOR INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE / TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KPK, PAKISTAN 
1371 MR. MUHAMMAD IQBAL MR. ALAM ALI VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION EMPLOYMENT OF DISABLE PERSON ST # 9, NEAR PAKISTAN BAIT UL MAL H-8/4 ISLAMABAD 
1372 MR. SHAHBAZ LITIF MIRZA MR. MUHAMMAD LATIF NTRC, STREET # 5, SECTOR H-8/4, ISLAMABAD 
1373 MR. FARID AHMAD MR. KHALIL UR REHMAN FINANCE DEPARTMENT GILLGIT BALTISTAN SECRETERIAT GILGIT, PAKISTAN 
1374 DR.ZIA AHMAD MR. MUHAMMAD SALEEM OFFICE OF CHIEF ENGINEERING ADVISED MINISTRYOF WATER POWER PLOT # 6, ATTATURK AVENEU G-5/1, ISLAMABAD 
1375 MR. ZAHID SHEHZAD MR. SAEED AHMAD DIRECTORATE OF SEISMOLOGY TARBELA DAM PROJECT 
1376 MR. MUHAMMAD ALI MR. MUHAMMAD ABDUL KHALIQ ECONOMIC AFFAIRS DIVISION, BLOCK C, PAK SECTT, ISLAMABAD 
1377 MR. SHAHID MAHMOOD MR. NOOR MUHAMMAD KHAN SEISMIC SECTION, PAKISTAN METERIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT H-8/2, ISLAMABAD 
1378 MR. RIAZ ALI MR. MURAD KHAN DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE KARKURAM UNIVERSITY ROAD, GILGIT 
1380 DR. MUHAMMAD KASHIF MR. BARKET ALI CIVIL VETERINARY HOSPITAL BHARAKHAU, ISLAMABAD 
1381 MR. SAHIBZADA UMAR RIAZ MR. SAHIBZADA RIAZ ANWAR REGIONAL TAX OFFICE-II, SYED MAJOR E DARYA ROAD, LAHORE 
1382 MR. JAVED AKHTAR  DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KIU ROAD, GILGIT PAKISTAN 
1384 MRS. NOSHEEN YAQOOB BUTT MR. SOHAIL AKHTAR NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (NHA) 
1385 MR. WASEEM AHMED KHAN SARDAR FATEHULLAH KHAN LAHORE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 467- BLOCK D, JOHAR TOWN, LAHORE 
1386 MR. KHALID MAHMOOD ALVI MR. QUMAR UN DIN TEPA, LAHORE EDVELOPMENT LAHORE 
1387 MR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM MR. FALAK SHER PUNJAB EMERGENCY SERVICES RESCUE 1122, LAHORE 
1388 SYED RAFIULLAH SYED UBAIDULLAH DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MINES & MINERALS BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA 
1389 MS. RABIA JAHANGIR MR. JAHANGIR AHMAD RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTER, PUNJGARAN, ISLAMABAD 
1390 MS. HANIFA UBAID MR. UBAID UR REHMAN ISLAMABAD MODEL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, G-5 ISLAMABAD 
1391 MR. NASIM UZ ZAMAN MR. ABDUL AZIZ KHAN INTELLIGENCE BUREAU K BLOCK PAK SECTR. ISLAMABAD 
1392 SYED MUHAMMAD TAQI SHAH SYED GHULAM RAZA SHAH ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY 
1393 MR. ABDUS SALAM MR. AHMAD SHAH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PESHAWER 
1394 MR. GHULAM MUJADDID MR MUHAMMAD HANIF PAKSITAN BROADCAST CORPORATION SECTOR G-5, CONSTITUTION AVENUE ISLAMABAD 
1395 MR. RASHID KARIM MR. KARIM IRRIGATION & POWER (EPFCP) DERA MERAD JAMALI NASIRABAD 
1396 MS. SHAHNAZ AKHTER MEHAMMAD ASHRAF KHAN EMERGENCY OFFICER PUNJAB EMERGENCY SERVICES RESCUE 1122, CENTRAL STATION MURREE ROAD, LINK RAWALPINDI 
1397 MR. GOHAR ALI MR. ALI ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA 
1398 MS. SALMA SADDIQ MR. MUHAMMAD SADDIQ G.G.H.S.S GHALLANAI MOHAMAND AGENCY 
1399 MRS. SHAMS UL NISA CHANDIO MR. ARIF CHANDIO ISLAMABAD MODEL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS 
1400 MS. SAMINA QALANDER MS. SAMINA QALANDER AGENCY EDUCATION OFFICER TANK 
1401 MS. RASHIDA BEGUM MR. SARFARAZ KHAN G.G.H.S MALAKAND BAJAUR AGENCY 
1402 MS. SAIMA MUSTAFA MR. GHULAM MUSTAFA ISLAMABAD MODEL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, ISLAMABAD 
1403 MR. GHULAM FAROOQUE LAGHARI MR. ABDUL KHALIQUE LAGHARI IMCB F-8/4, ISLAMABAD 
1404 MR. ASGHAR KHAN MR. WILAYAT KHAN G.H.S KHIRGI FR TANK 
1405 MR. ASHIQ NAWAZ MR. ALI NAWAZ ISLAMABAD MODEL COLLEGE FOR BOYS, F-8/4, ISLAMABAD 
1406 MRS. SADIA QAMAR M. ASLAM QURESHI ISLAMABAD MODEL SCHOOL G-10/4, ISLAMABAD 
1407 MR. MUHAMMAD ZULFIQAR JATOI MR. FAQIR MUHAMMAD JATOI POLICY PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION UNIT, EDUCATION DEPTT, BALOCHISTAN 
1408 MR. BASHARAT HUSSAIN RAJA MR. MUHAMMAD SARWAR FDE 
1409 MR. MAZHAR YASIN MR. GHULAM YASIN GOVT. MIDDLE SCHOOL LEASE NO. 37, QUETTA 
1410 MR. MUHAMMAD AYUB MR. GHULAM SARWAR KHAN PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT C&W DEPTT, KPK 
1411 MRS. SAJIDA TAJ MR. MUHAMMAD SHAHZAD SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE NATIONAL AGRI. RESEARCH CENTER, PARK ROAD ISLAMABAD 
1412 MR. SOHAIL BIN QAYYUM MR. ABDUL QAYYUM AWAN C & W DEPARTMENT PMU 
1413 MR. AMJAD DURAIZ AHMED MR. ALI AHMED CHAUHAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT LAHORE 
1414 MR. ABDUL HADI MR. NAUMAN WORKS DEPARTMENT GILGIT BALTISTAN, AEE B&R DIVISION GB PWD DISTRICT GHIZAR GB. 
1415 MR. FAWAD RIASAT RAJA MR. RAJA RIASAT HUSSAIN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TAXILA, PAKISTAN 
1416 DR. MUHAMMAD ARIF KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF DEPUTY DIRECTOR LIVESTOCK/ ANIMAL HUSBANDARY, MATIARI 
1417 MR. GHOUS BAKHSH MARRI MIR ANWAR JAN MARRI PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, BLOCK # 6, ROOM # 10, BALOCHISTAN CIVIL SECRETRAIT, ISLAMABAD 
1418 MR. ASIF ALI MIRANI MR. HATIM ALI MIRANI AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE, NARL, P.O NIH PARK ROAD CHAKSHEHZAD ISLAMABAD 
1419 MR. MUHAMMAD ASIF ASLAM MR. MUHAMMAD ASLAM IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT PUNJAB OLD ANARKALI LAHORE 
1420 MR. SHAUKAT BASHIR MR. MUHAMMAD BASHIR ALI FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTION, PLANNING AND DEPARTMENT DIVISION, P-BLOCK, PAK SECRETERIAT, ISLAMABAD 
1421 MR. ASHFAQUE AHMED MEMON MR. YAR MUHAMMAD MEMON IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN 
1422 MR. MUHAMMAD IRFAN ELAHI MR. ELAHI IRRIGATION SECRETERIAT OLD ANARKALI LAHORE 
1423 MR. SALMAN SHAHZAD MALIK MR. MUHAMMAD ZUBAIR MALIK NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY, PRIME MINISTER SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD 
1424 MR. ASIM AYAZ MR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT BOARD(EDB), MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY SEDC BUILDING (STP) 5-A, CONSTITUTION AUTHORITY, F-5/1, ISLAMABAD 
1425 MR. KHALID HUSSAIN MR. ZAFAR HUSSAIN ADDITIONAL SECRETARY, IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT, LAHORE 
1426 MR. MAHMOOD AHMED MR. RAHIM DAD KHAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNEMNT OF AJK 
1427 SYED MAZHAR ALI SHAH SYED SHAH SAID MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS, D-BLOCK PAK SECRETERIAT ISLAMABAD 
1428 MR. MUHAMMAD KHALID ZUBAIR MR. SHABBIR HUSSAIN ANJUM TRAINING SECTION TEVTA SECRETERIAT, 96-H, GULBERG II LAHORE 
1429 MR. MUHAMMAD FAISAL KHAN MR. GHULAM ABBAS KHAN TEVTA SECRETERIATE, 96 H GULBERG II LAHORE 
1430 MS. BUSHRA ALI SAYED MR. ALI HASSAN SAYED TEVTA SECRETERIAT 96-H GULBERG II LAHORE 
1431 MS. AMNA MUKHTAR MR. MUKHTAR AHMED KHAN TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINIG AUTHORITY (TEVTA) GULBERG II LAHORE 
1432 MS. SAHAR REHMAN MR. MUHAMMAD NAFIS UR REHMAN MALIK TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINIG AUTHORITY (TEVTA) GULBERG II LAHORE 
1433 MR. MUHAMMAD KHAN NOOR ASLAM KHAN GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTTUTE KALAYA 
1434 MR. AYAZ AHMAD MR. HABIB SHAH GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE SADDA KURRAM AGENCY 
1435 MR. AZMAT HAFEEZ SHEIKH MR. MUHAMMAD HAFEEZ SHEIKH STEVTA, STREET – 19 BLOCK 6, TULSHAN E IQBAL, KARACHI 
1436 MR. KALEEM ULLAH MR. LATIF UR REHMAN GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE EKKA GHUND MOHMAND AGENCY 
1437 MIAN RAFIULLAH MIAN FAZLI MOULA GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE EKKA GHUND MOHMAND AGENCY 
1438 MR. SHAKEEL AHMED MR. MUHAMMAD SADDIQUE GOVT. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY SAMANABAD FAISALABAD 
1439 MR. MUHAMMAD SIDDIQUE MR. ATLAS KHAN GOVT. TECHNICAL INSTITUTE BARA KHYBER AGENCY 
1440 MR. TASAWAR ALI MR. MUHAMMAD KABIR ISLAMABAD MODEL SCHOOL FOR BOYS DELLA ISLAMABAD 
1441 SYED SHAUKAT ALI GILANI SYED AUOLAD ALI GILANI PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING DIVISION MUZAFFARABAD AJK, PAKISTAN 
1442 MR. ABDUS SAMI MR. ABDUL AZIZ PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 1 POLILCE LINE ROAD, CIVIL SECRETERIATE PESHAWER 
1443 MR. MUHAMMAD AMJAD HUSSAIN MR. KHADIM HUSSAIN STEEL FOUNDRY HEAVY MECHANICAL COMPLEX TAXILA 
1444 MR. AMER HASSAN KHATEEB MR. MAZHAR HASSAN KHATEEB PAKISTAN STEEL, SPECIALIZED MACHENERY COMPLEX, NEAR NEW RACE CLUB, KOT LAKH PAR LAHORE 
1445 DR. ALI AKBAR SOOMRO MR. ABDUL SALAM SOOMRO POULTRY PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH SINDH 
1446 MR. MASOOD AHMED  CVDL SINDH TANDO JAM 
1447 MR. ASLAM PERVEZ UMRANI MR. ALLAH BACHAYO UMRANI DIRECTOR VETANINARY RESEARCH SINDH, CVDL SINDH TANDO JAM 
1448 MRS. ASIA JABEEN MR. QURBAN ALI GCT, RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE. 
1449 MS. SYEDA AFSHAN MANSOOR SYED MANSOOR SAMI DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, GCT RAILWAY ROAD LAHORE 
1450 MR. MUHAMMAD RAZZAK KHAN  GOVT. COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY RAILWAY ROAD, LAHORE. 
1451 MR. SHAHBAZ HUSSAIN MR. MANZUR HUSSAIN PARC RICE PROGRAMME KALA SHAH KAKU, LAHORE 
1452 MR. SIKANDER AZAM MAGSI MR. ABDULLAH KHAN FEDERAL CERTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION DEPARTMENT DERA ALLAH YAR, BALOCHISTAN 
1453 MR. DANISH SAEED MR. ABDUS SAEED PROVINCIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY GOVERNMENT OF SINDH 
1454 DR. ASHFAQ AHMED SHEIKH SHEIKH ABDUL WAHEED PAKSITAN ENGINEERING COUNCIL ATATURK AVENUE, SECTOR G-5/2, ISLAMABAD 
1455 MR. AZAM KHAN MR. MUHAMMAD BASHIR KHAN C-BLOCK, PAK SECRETARIAT, ISLAMABAD 
1456 DR. TAHIRA BALOCH MR. MANZOOR AHMED BMC HOSPITAL, QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN 
1457 MR. MUNIR AHMED MR. MOHAMMAD UMER CONSTRUCTION OF 100 DAMS IN BALOCHISTAN, MOLANA ABDUL AZIZ STREET, JAFFAR KHAN JAMALI ROAD QUETA 
1458 MR. AAMER MEHMOOD MR. ASHRAF ZAHID COMMISSION ROOM # 213, 3RD FLOOR, SHALIMAR PLAZA, BLUE AREA ISLAMABAD 
1459 BIBI RUKHSANA MR. SHAHNAWAZ MIDWIFERY TRAINING SCHOOL HRD BARWARY ROAD QUETTA 
1460 MR. ASIF FARID MR. FARID GUL A- BLOCK PAK SECRETERIATE ISLAMABAD 
1461 MR. AAMERA RIAZ MR. IQTIDAR ELAHI EALS WING , H.Q, 27, G-9/1, MAUVE AREA, iSLAMABAD. 
1462 MR. JAHANGIR KHAN  WATER MANAGEMENT GILGIT BALTISTAN 
1463 MS. AYESHA SUMREEN MR. MUHAMMAD ARSHAD W.Q.L REGIONAL OFFICE BAHAWALPUR 
1464 SUMAIRA BUKASH MUHAMMAD BUKASH HOUSE # 6 STREET # 56, SECTOR F-6/4, ISLAMABAD 
1465 MR. ZAHEER AHMED MALIK MOHAMMAD SAEED DIRECTORATE OF MANPOWER AND TRAINING, QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN 
1466 DR. GHULAM MUHAMMAD MR. KARIM DAD DIRECTORATE OF ANIMAL HASBANDRY SINDH SHAHBAZ BUILDING, THANDI HYDERABAD 
1467 MR. KASHIF SHAMIM MR. ABDUL KHALIQ SHAMIM PMO – PISIP, IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT, OLD AZARBALLI LAHORE 
1468 ENGR. ZAHID ARIF MR. MRHAMMAD NASEER KHAN COMMUNICATION AND WORKS DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, CIVIL SECRETARIAT, PESHAWER 
1469 MR. SAJID MAHMOOD MR. MUHAMMAD SADIQ ORGANISATION JALWALA DISTY OFFICER REST HOUSE BAHAWALNAGAR PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 
1470 MR. MUHAMMAD MASOOD ANJUM MR. MUHAMMAD MAQBOOL ANJUM 540 – WAPDA HOUSE, LAHORE 
1471 MR. SHAHZAD MAHMOOD MR. MUZAFFAR ALI PIDA 1S & C CELL, AREA WATER BOARD BAHAWALNAGAR CANAL CIRCLE, BAHAWALNAGAR 
1472 MR. MUHAMMAD AZEEM KHAN MR. SARFRAZ AHMED KHAN 6TH FLOOR , LDA PLAZA, EGERTON ROAD LAHORE – 54000 
1473 MS. AYESHA MUMTAZ MALIK MR. MALIK MUMTAZ KHAN DEPUTY DIRECTOR ENVIRONMENT EALS G-9/1, ISLAMABAD 
1474 MR. MANZOOR AHMAD SIDDIQUI MR. RASHID AHMAD SIDDIQUI IRRIGATION, OLD ANARKALI, LAHORE 
 

 
 

 

 

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snow

Weather

I

INTRODUCTION

Weather, state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. The elements of weather include temperature, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, and pressure. These elements are organized into various weather systems, such as monsoons, areas of high and low pressure, thunderstorms, and tornadoes. All weather systems have well-defined cycles and structural features and are governed by the laws of heat and motion. These conditions are studied in meteorology, the science of weather and weather forecasting.

Weather differs from climate, which is the weather that a particular region experiences over a long period of time. Climate includes the averages and variations of all weather elements.

II

TEMPERATURE

Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of the air. Three different scales are used for measuring temperature. Scientists use the Kelvin, or absolute, scale and the Celsius, or centigrade, scale. Most nations use the Celsius scale, although the United States continues to use the Fahrenheit scale.

Temperature on Earth averages 15°C (59°F) at sea level but varies according to latitude, elevation, season, and time of day, ranging from a record high of 58°C (140°F) to a record low of -88°C (-130°F). Temperature is generally highest in the Tropics and lowest near the poles. Each day it is usually warmest during midafternoon and coldest around dawn. Seasonal variations of temperature are generally more pronounced at higher latitudes. Along the equator, all months are equally warm, but away from the equator, it is generally warmest about a month after the summer solstice (usually June 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and December 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere) and coldest about a month after the winter solstice (usually December 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and June 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere). Temperature can change abruptly when fronts (boundaries between two air masses with different temperatures or densities) or thunderstorms pass overhead.

Temperature decreases with increasing elevation at an average rate of about 6.5°C per km (about 19°F per mi). As a result, temperatures in the mountains are generally much lower than at sea level. Temperature continues to decrease throughout the atmosphere’s lowest layer, the troposphere, where almost all weather occurs. The troposphere extends to a height of 16 km (10 mi) above sea level over the equator and about 8 km (about 5 mi) above sea level over the poles. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where temperature levels off and then begins to increase with height. Almost no weather occurs in the stratosphere.

III

HUMIDITY

Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. The air’s capacity to hold vapor is limited but increases dramatically as the air warms, roughly doubling for each temperature increase of 10°C (18°F). There are several different measures of humidity. The specific humidity is the fraction of the mass of air that consists of water vapor, usually given as parts per thousand. Even the warmest, most humid air seldom has a specific humidity greater than 20 parts per thousand. The most common measure of humidity is the relative humidity, or the amount of vapor in the air divided by the air’s vapor-holding capacity at that temperature. If the amount of water vapor in the air remains the same, the relative humidity decreases as the air is heated and increases as the air is cooled. As a result, relative humidity is usually highest around dawn, when the temperature is lowest, and lowest in midafternoon, when the temperature is highest.

IV

CLOUDINESS

Most clouds and almost all precipitation are produced by the cooling of air as it rises. When air temperature is reduced, excess water vapor in the air condenses into liquid droplets or ice crystals to form clouds or fog. A cloud can take any of several different forms—including cumulus, cirrus, and stratus—reflecting the pattern of air motions that formed it. Fluffy cumulus clouds form from rising masses of air, called thermals. A cumulus cloud often has a flat base, corresponding to the level at which the water vapor first condenses. If a cumulus cloud grows large, it transforms into a cumulonimbus cloud or a thunderstorm. Fibrous cirrus clouds consist of trails of falling ice crystals twisted by the winds. Cirrus clouds usually form high in the troposphere, and their crystals almost never reach the ground. Stratus clouds form when an entire layer of air cools or ascends obliquely. A stratus cloud often extends for hundreds of miles.

Fog is a cloud that touches the ground. In dense fogs, the visibility may drop below 50 m (55 yd). Fog occurs most frequently when Earth’s surface is much colder than the air directly above it, such as around dawn and over cold ocean currents. Fog is thickened and acidified when the air is filled with sulfur-laden soot particles produced by the burning of coal. Dense acid fogs that killed thousands of people in London up to 1956 led to legislation that prohibited coal burning in cities.

Optical phenomena, such as rainbows and halos, occur when light shines through cloud particles. Rainbows are seen when sunlight from behind the observer strikes the raindrops falling from cumulonimbus clouds. The raindrops act as tiny prisms, bending and reflecting the different colors of light back to the observer’s eye at different angles and creating bands of color. Halos are seen when sunlight or moonlight in front of the observer strikes ice crystals and then passes through high, thin cirrostratus clouds.

V

PRECIPITATION

 

Blizzard Aftermath

A snow blizzard that struck the East Coast of the United States in January 1996, left the Boston area with about 46 cm (about 18 in) of snow. A snowstorm is called a blizzard when visibility is less than 0.40 km (0.25 mi) and the snowfall is accompanied by strong winds.

Lisa Quinones/Black Star

Precipitation is produced when the droplets and crystals in clouds grow large enough to fall to the ground. Clouds do not usually produce precipitation until they are more than 1 km (0.6 mi) thick. Precipitation takes a variety of forms, including rain, drizzle, freezing rain, snow, hail, and ice pellets, or sleet. Raindrops have diameters larger than 0.5 mm (0.02 in), whereas drizzle drops are smaller. Few raindrops are larger than about 6 mm (about 0.2 in), because such large drops are unstable and break up easily. Ice pellets are raindrops that have frozen in midair. Freezing rain is rain that freezes on contact with any surface. It often produces a layer of ice that can be very slippery.

Snowflakes are either single ice crystals or clusters of ice crystals. Large snowflakes generally form when the temperature is near 0°C (32°F), because at this temperature the flakes are partly melted and stick together when they collide. Hailstones are balls of ice about 6 to 150 mm (about 0.2 to 6 in) in diameter. They consist of clusters of raindrops that have collided and frozen together. Large hailstones only occur in violent thunderstorms, in which strong updrafts keep the hailstones suspended in the atmosphere long enough to grow large.

Precipitation amounts are usually given in terms of depth. A well-developed winter storm can produce 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in) of rain over a large area in 12 to 24 hours. An intense thunderstorm may produce more than 20 mm (0.8 in) of rain in 10 minutes and cause flash floods (floods in which the water rises suddenly). Hurricanes sometimes produce over 250 mm (10 in) of rain and lead to extensive flooding.

Snow depths are usually much greater than rain depths because of snow’s low density. During intense winter storms, more than 250 mm (10 in) of snow may fall in 24 hours, and the snow can be much deeper in places where the wind piles it up in drifts. Extraordinarily deep snows sometimes accumulate on the upwind side of mountain slopes during severe winter storms or on the downwind shores of large lakes during outbreaks of polar air.

VI

WIND

 

Tornado

A tornado that ripped through Wichita Falls, Texas, was caught on film by several observers. Stirred up dust and water droplets turned the funnel-shaped cloud a dark color. The funnel winds of a tornado can reach speeds of more than 480 km/h (300 mph).

Archive Films

Wind is the horizontal movement of air. It is named for the direction from which it comes—for example, a north wind comes from the north. In most places near the ground, the wind speed averages from 8 to 24 km/h (from 5 to 15 mph), but it can be much higher during intense storms. Wind speeds in hurricanes and typhoons exceed 120 km/h (75 mph) near the storm’s center and may approach 320 km/h (200 mph). The highest wind speeds at the surface of the Earth—as high as 480 km/h (300 mph)—occur in tornadoes. Except for these storms, wind speed usually increases with height to the top of the troposphere.

VII

PRESSURE

Pressure plays a vital role in all weather systems. Pressure is the force of the air on a given surface divided by the area of that surface. In most weather systems the air pressure is equal to the weight of the air column divided by the area of the column. Pressure decreases rapidly with height, halving about every 5.5 km (3.4 mi).

Sea-level pressure varies by only a few percent. Large regions in the atmosphere that have higher pressure than the surroundings are called high-pressure areas. Regions with lower pressure than the surroundings are called low-pressure areas. Most storms occur in low-pressure areas. Rapidly falling pressure usually means a storm is approaching, whereas rapidly rising pressure usually indicates that skies will clear.

VIII

SCALES OF WEATHER

Weather systems occur on a wide range of scales. Monsoons occur on a global scale and are among the largest weather systems, extending for thousands of miles. Thunderstorms are much smaller, typically 10 to 20 km (6 to 12 mi) across. Tornadoes, which extend from the bases of thunderstorms, range from less than 50 m (55 yd) across to as much as 2 km (1.2 mi) across.

The vertical scale of weather systems is much more limited. Because pressure decreases so rapidly with height and because temperature stops decreasing in the stratosphere, weather systems are confined to the troposphere. Only the tallest thunderstorms reach the stratosphere, which is otherwise almost always clear.

IX

CAUSES OF WEATHER

All weather is due to heating from the Sun. The Sun emits energy at an almost constant rate, but a region receives more heat when the Sun is higher in the sky and when there are more hours of sunlight in a day. The high Sun of the Tropics makes this area much warmer than the poles, and in summer the high Sun and long days make the region much warmer than in winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun climbs high in the sky and the days are long in summer, around July, when the northern end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the Sun. At the same time, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere. The southern end of Earth’s axis is tilted away from the Sun, so the Sun is low in the sky and the days are short.

The temperature differences produced by inequalities in heating cause differences in air density and pressure that propel the winds. Vertical air motions are propelled by buoyancy: A region of air that is warmer and less dense than the surroundings is buoyant and rises. Air is also forced from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure. Once the air begins moving, it is deflected by the Coriolis force, which results from Earth’s rotation. The Coriolis force deflects the wind and all moving objects toward their right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward their left in the Southern Hemisphere. It is so gentle that it has little effect on small-scale winds that last less than a few hours, but it has a profound effect on winds that blow for many hours and move over large distances.

X

WEATHER SYSTEMS

 

Hurricane Destruction

Hurricanes cause most of their damage with strong winds, but they can also spawn tornadoes and cause sudden storm surges, or rises in water level. Hurricanes are defined as tropical storms that have winds of 119 km/h (74 mph) or more and are given ratings from 1 (minimal) to 5 (catastrophic) based on wind speed, height of storm surge, and barometric pressure.

Herman Kokojan/Black Star

In both hemispheres, the speed of the west wind increases with height up to the top of the troposphere. The core of most rapid winds at the top of the troposphere forms a wavy river of air called the jet stream. Near the ground, where the winds are slowed by friction, the air blows at an acute angle toward areas of low pressure, forming great gyres called cyclones and anticyclones. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis force causes air in low-pressure areas to spiral counterclockwise and inward, forming a cyclone, whereas air in high-pressure areas spirals clockwise and outward, forming an anticyclone. In the Southern Hemisphere, cyclones turn clockwise and anticyclones, counterclockwise.

The air spreading from anticyclones is replaced by sinking air from above. As a result, skies in anticyclones are often fair, and large regions of air called air masses form; these have reasonably uniform temperature and humidity. In cyclones, on the other hand, as air converges to the center, it rises to form extensive clouds and precipitation.

During summer and fall, tropical cyclones, called hurricanes or typhoons, form over warm waters of the oceans in bands parallel to the equator, between about latitude 5°and latitude 30°north and south. Wind speed in hurricanes increases as the air spirals inward. The air either rises in a series of rain bands before reaching the center or proceeds inward and then turns sharply upward in a doughnut-shaped region called the eye wall, where the most intense winds and rain occur. The eye wall surrounds the core, or eye, of the hurricane, which is marked by partly clear skies and gentle winds.

In the middle and high latitudes, polar and tropical air masses are brought together in low-pressure areas called extratropical cyclones, forming narrow zones of sharply changing temperature called fronts. Intense extratropical cyclones can produce blizzard conditions in their northern reaches while at the same time producing warm weather with possible severe thunderstorms and tornadoes in their southern reaches.

Thunderstorms are small, intense convective storms that are produced by buoyant, rapidly rising air. As thunderstorms mature, strong downdrafts of rain- or hail-filled cool air plunge toward the ground, bringing intense showers. However, because thunderstorms are only about 16 km (about 10 mi) wide, they pass over quickly, usually lasting less than an hour. Severe thunderstorms sometimes produce large hail. They may also rotate slowly and spout rapidly rotating tornadoes from their bases.

 

Thunder and Lightning

Thunderstorms are violent rain storms that produce thunder, lightning, and frequently hail. They form when violent updrafts push hot, humid air high into the cold, upper atmosphere. The subsequent rapid cooling of the air produces an intense, but short-lived, storm.

BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc./Hot Shots Cool Cuts Inc.

Most convective weather systems are gentler than thunderstorms. Often, organized circulation cells develop, in which cooler and denser air from the surroundings sinks and blows along the ground to replace the rising heated air. Circulation cells occur on many different scales. On a local scale, along the seashore during sunny spring and summer days, air over the land grows hot while air over the sea remains cool. As the heated air rises, the cooler and denser air from the sea rushes in. This movement of air is popularly called a sea breeze. At night, when the air over the land grows cooler than the air over the sea, the wind reverses and is known as a land breeze.

On a global scale, hot, humid air near the equator rises and is replaced by denser air that sinks in the subtropics and blows back to the equator along the ground. The winds that blow toward the equator are called the trade winds. The trade winds are among the most steady, reliable winds on Earth. They approach the equator obliquely from the northeast and southeast because of the Coriolis force.

The tropical circulation cell is called the Hadley cell. It shifts north and south with the seasons and causes tropical monsoons in India. For example, around July the warm, rising air of the Hadley cell is located over India, and humid winds blow in from the Indian Ocean. Around January the cooler, sinking air of the Hadley cell is located over India, and the winds blow in the opposite direction.

A variable circulation cell called the Walker Circulation exists over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Normally, air rises over the warm waters of the western Pacific Ocean over the Malay Archipelago and sinks over the cold waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Ecuador and Peru. Most years around late December this circulation weakens, and the cold waters off the coast of South America warm up slightly. Because it occurs around Christmas, the phenomenon is called El Niño (The Child). Once every two to five years, the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean warm profoundly. The Walker Circulation then weakens drastically or even reverses, so that air rises and brings torrential rains to normally dry sections of Ecuador and Peru and hurricanes to Tahiti. On the other side of the Pacific Ocean, air sinks and brings drought to Australia. El Niño can now be predicted with reasonable accuracy several months in advance.

XI

WEATHER FORECASTING

 

Hurricane Katrina Observed from Space

A satellite image shows Hurricane Katrina as it crossed Florida, heading into the Gulf of Mexico. The storm made landfall on August 29, 2005, in Plaquemines Parish southeast of New Orleans. The storm surge breached the city’s levees, and Hurricane Katrina became the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history.

SVS/NASA

Since the early 20th century, great strides have been made in weather prediction, largely as a result of computer development but also because of instrumentation such as satellites and radar. Weather data from around the world are collected by the World Meteorological Organization, the National Weather Service, and other agencies and entered into computer models that apply the laws of motion and of the conservation of energy and mass to produce forecasts. In some cases, these forecasts have provided warning of major storms as much as a week in advance. However, because the behavior of weather systems is chaotic, it is impossible to forecast the details of weather more than about two weeks in advance.

Intense small-scale storms, such as thunderstorms and tornadoes, are much more difficult to forecast than are larger weather systems. In areas in which thunderstorms are common, general forecasts can be made several days in advance, but the exact time and location of the storms, as well as of flash floods and tornadoes, can only be forecast about an hour in advance. (For a discussion of weather forecasting methods and technologies, see Meteorology.)

XII

WEATHER MODIFICATION

Human beings can change weather and climate. Water-droplet clouds with tops colder than about -5°C (about 23°F) can be made to produce rain by seeding them with substances such as silver iodide. Cloud seeding causes ice crystals to form and grow large enough to fall out of a cloud. However, although cloud seeding has been proven effective in individual clouds, its effect over large areas is still unproven.

Weather near the ground is routinely modified for agricultural purposes. For example, soil is darkened to raise its temperature, and fans are turned on during clear, cold nights to stir warmer air down to the ground and help prevent frost damage.

Human activities have also produced inadvertent effects on weather and climate. Adding gases such as carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere has increased the greenhouse effect and contributed to global warming by raising the mean temperature of the Earth by about 0.5°C (about 0.9°F) since the beginning of the 20th century. More recently, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used as refrigerants and in aerosol propellants, have been released into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of ozone worldwide and causing a thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica each spring (around October). The potential consequences of these changes are vast. Global warming may cause sea level to rise, and the incidence of skin cancer may increase as a result of the reduction of ozone. In an effort to prevent such consequences, production of CFCs has been curtailed and many measures have been suggested to control emission of greenhouse gases, including the development of more efficient engines and the use of alternative energy sources such as solar energy and wind energy.

 

 

 

arch

Archaeology

I

INTRODUCTION

Siberian Land Bridge

At certain periods during the Pleistocene Epoch, the temperatures turned cold enough to freeze much of the Earth’s water into ice. The sea level dropped as much as 90 m (300 ft) and the shallow Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia became a natural land bridge on which grazing animals, and the humans who stalked them, passed. Most archaeologists and anthropologists believe that Native Americans descend from Asian peoples who moved into North America by way of this land bridge.

© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Archaeology, the scientific study of past human culture and behavior, from the origins of humans to the present. Archaeology studies past human behavior through the examination of material remains of previous human societies. These remains include the fossils (preserved bones) of humans, food remains, the ruins of buildings, and human artifacts—items such as tools, pottery, and jewelry. From their studies, archaeologists attempt to reconstruct past ways of life. Archaeology is an important field of anthropology, which is the broad study of human culture and biology. Archaeologists concentrate their studies on past societies and changes in those societies over extremely long periods of time.

With its focus on the ancient past, archaeology somewhat resembles paleontology—the study of fossils of long-extinct animals, such as dinosaurs. However, archaeology is distinct from paleontology and studies only past human life. Archaeology also examines many of the same topics explored by historians. But unlike history—the study of written records such as government archives, personal correspondence, and business documents—most of the information gathered in archaeology comes from the study of objects lying on or under the ground (see History and Historiography).

Archaeologists refer to the vast store of information about the human past as the archaeological record. The archaeological record encompasses every area of the world that has ever been occupied by humans, as well as all of the material remains contained in those areas. Archaeologists study the archaeological record through field surveys and excavations and through the laboratory study of collected materials.

Many of the objects left behind by past human societies are not present in the archaeological record because they have disintegrated over time. The material remains that still exist after hundreds, thousands, or millions of years have survived because of favorable preservation conditions in the soil or atmosphere. For the most part, the only things that survive are durable items such as potsherds (small fragments of pottery), tools or buildings of stone, bones, and teeth (which survive because they are covered with hard enamel). Because many items disintegrate over time, archaeologists get an incomplete view of the past that they must fill in with other kinds of information and educated reasoning. On rare occasions, however, delicate objects have been preserved. For example, fabrics and flowers were found in the celebrated tomb of Tutankhamun, an Egyptian pharaoh who was buried in 1323 bc.

Archaeology became established as a formal discipline in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At that time, most archaeological work was confined to Europe, to the so-called cradle of civilization in southwestern Asia, and to a few areas of the Americas. Today, archaeologists study the great cultural diversity of humanity in every corner of the world.

II

THE SCOPE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Moche Lords of Sipán

In 1987 and 1990 in Sipán, Peru, archaeologists discovered the tombs of royal lords of the ancient Moche culture. Buried in deep shafts beneath adobe pyramids, the lords were surrounded by goods indicating their wealth and status, including ceramics, masks, headdresses, and jewelry of gold and turquoise. The Moche civilization occupied the northern coastal region of Peru from about ad 100 to 800.

Bill Cardoni/Liaison Agency

Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking), apelike early humans. Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.

The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado (see Mesa Verde National Park); the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.

Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about ad 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.

Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.

III

FIELDS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeology covers such an enormous span of time that archaeologists specialize in different time periods and different cultures. They also specialize in particular methods of study. Some archaeologists study human biological and cultural evolution up to the emergence of modern humans. Others focus on more recent periods of major cultural development, such as the rise of civilizations. Some study only the ancient or classical civilizations of the Middle East or Europe. Others research later historical subjects and time periods, using both written and archaeological evidence. Many archaeologists have expertise in other fields that are important to archaeological study, including physical anthropology (the study of human biology and anatomy), geology, ecology, and climatology (the science of weather patterns).

A

Prehistoric Archaeology

Stone Toolmaking

Humans first made tools of stone at least 2.5 million years ago, initiating the so-called Stone Age. The Stone Age advanced through three stages over time—the Paleolithic (which is subdivided into Lower, Middle, and Upper periods), Mesolithic, and Neolithic. Blade toolmaking, as demonstrated in this video, was a development of the Upper Paleolithic, which began about 40,000 years ago. This technique produced a far greater variety and higher quality of tools than did earlier methods of toolmaking.

The Natural History Museum, London

Prehistoric archaeology is practiced by archaeologists known as prehistorians and deals with ancient cultures that did not have writing of any kind. Prehistory, a term coined by 19th-century French scholars, covers past human life from its origins up to the advent of written records. History—that is, the human past documented in some form of writing—began 5000 years ago in parts of southwestern Asia and as recently as the late 19th century ad in central Africa and parts of the Americas. Because there are no written records for prehistory, prehistorians rely entirely on material remains for evidence.

Discoveries of early human ancestors have changed the way many people think about what it means to be human. For instance, researchers working in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya have found evidence that some human ancestors who lived about 2 million years ago were scavengers. They used stone tools to butcher game taken from the kills of predators such as lions. In 1978 at Laetoli, Tanzania, paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey discovered a fascinating early human site: sets of hominid footprints left in now-hardened volcanic ash. This find provides some of the strongest evidence that hominids walked upright as early as 3.6 million years ago.

Some prehistorians specialize in studying various periods of the Stone Age. This period of human cultural development began about 2.5 million years ago, when humans learned to make simple stone tools. The Stone Age ended at different times in different parts of the world, roughly within the last 10,000 years.

Chauvet Cave Art

The Chauvet cave paintings in southeastern France are some of the oldest and most spectacular examples of Ice Age art ever found. The red and black drawings and engravings depict a wide range of animals, from the more common horses and bison to the rarer lions and rhinoceroses. The paintings have been dated to 32,000 years ago.

Ministere De La Culture/Liaison Agency

Important Stone Age archaeological sites include the 32,000-year-old rock paintings of the Grotte de Chauvet cave in southeastern France (see Paleolithic Art) and Syria’s 10,000-year-old Abu Hureyra farming village in the Euphrates Valley. By analyzing plant remains at Abu Hureyra in the 1970s and 1980s, British archaeologist and botanist Gordon Hillman showed that the inhabitants of this village were among the earliest people to cultivate wild cereal grasses, ones that evolved into what we know today as wheat and barley.

B

Archaeology of Early and Classical Civilizations

Soldiers of the Imperial Bodyguard

These life-size terra-cotta figures are a small part of more than 6000 figures and horses that were made for the tomb of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi of the Chinese Qin dynasty in 210 bc. They were originally painted in bright colors. The burial mound, in the northwestern province of Shanxi, was discovered in 1974.

Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

At their height, ancient civilizations centered on magnificent cities with large buildings and tombs. Some of these cities also had roads and human-made waterways. Archaeologists who study this period of the human past investigate how sufficient political and economic power developed to create and maintain early civilizations, and what factors led to the decline of such large and powerful societies.

Archaeologists who study ancient civilizations also often concentrate on particular regions. Egyptologists, for instance, study the civilization of ancient Egypt. Generations of Egyptologists have studied the numerous finds from the well-preserved tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun. This tomb is located in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes and was found by British archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922. Other archaeologists have recorded architectural details, paintings, and inscriptions from the many other tombs in the Valley of the Kings. These works are in danger of eroding in Egypt’s harsh desert environment. Egyptological research projects also study numerous other important sites along the Nile River valley—including the city of Memphis and the Old Kingdom mortuary complex of Giza—as well as north to the Mediterranean Sea, east to the Sinai Peninsula, and south into the Nubian Desert.

Classical archaeology examines ancient Greek and Roman civilization. During the late 1800s German-born American archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann conducted expeditions in Greece and Asia Minor, near the coasts of the Aegean Sea. Schliemann first excavated in Hisarlık, in what is now Turkey, revealing what he claimed were several distinct periods of the great city of Troy, which is described in the Iliad, an epic tale by Homer. Schliemann also excavated in Mycenae, Greece, searching for the tomb of the Greek leader Agamemnon, who campaigned against Troy in the Trojan War. Schliemann conducted quick excavations, destroyed large portions of his sites, which earned him the suspicion and anger of the Ottoman government.

Many other archaeologists followed Schliemann, conducting more methodical and scientific excavations of lands surrounding the Aegean. Recent archaeology of the classic civilizations of Europe has concentrated on the lives of common citizens. American archaeologist David Soren, for example, led a research team in the 1980s in southwestern Cyprus. Soren and his team reconstructed the events of a powerful earthquake that struck the Roman port of Kourion in ad 365. Soren’s team uncovered collapsed buildings in which entire families had been buried in their sleep.

C

Historical Archaeology

Historical archaeology examines past cultures that used some form of writing. Although writing was invented thousands of years ago in some parts of the world, many historical archaeologists study only the past few hundred years. Historical archaeologists use written documents as part of their research, and they may work in collaboration with historians. This kind of archaeology first developed in North America and England. It continues to thrive in both of those places but is also practiced in many other parts of the world. Historical archaeologists have studied a wide variety of subjects, such as relations among settlers and Native Americans in colonial North America, Spanish religious missions in the southern United States, medieval villages in England, and early factories of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America.

D

Underwater Archaeology

Underwater Archaeology

Underwater archaeology is a growing field. Underwater surveys and excavations of sunken ships and their cargo provide a wealth of information about ancient systems of trade. Sunken artifacts are often well preserved, protected by layers of silt in a stable environment of salt or fresh water.

Jonathan Blair/Woodfin Camp and Associates, Inc.

Underwater archaeology uses special methods to study shipwrecks and other archaeological sites that lie beneath water. Archaeologists who work under water rely on sophisticated diving and excavating equipment and employ special techniques to preserve perishable materials that have been submerged for long periods. In an extensive underwater archaeological project from 1983 to 1994, a team led by American archaeologist George Bass and Turkish archaeologist Cemal Pulak recovered the cargo of a heavily laden Bronze Age ship at Uluburun, off the southern coast of Turkey. The ship, which was wrecked in a storm around 1310 bc, carried enough copper and tin ingots to forge weapons for a military regiment of several hundred people.

E

Other Fields

Reminders of the Anasazi

Among the earliest inhabitants of the southwestern United States, the Anasazi flourished in parts of New Mexico during the 1st millennium ad. Marvelous multistoried homes built by the Anasazi serve as reminders of their fascinating culture and architectural skills. The homes shown here are at the Bandelier National Monument near Los Alamos.

Buddy Mays

Some archaeologists learn skills from other disciplines to form specialized fields of study. For instance, experts in zooarchaeology study animal bones found in and around human habitations, from which much can be learned about human subsistence methods. Archaeologists who specialize in paleoethnobotany study the plants used by ancient people for food, medicine, and other purposes. Some archaeologists also have expertise in such subjects as radiocarbon dating methods or the techniques used in ancient metallurgy (the making of metals from mineral ores).

Another archaeological specialty, geoarchaeology, determines what ancient environments and landscapes were like. Geoarchaeologists use many sources of information and specialized techniques to learn about environmental conditions of the past. For example, they learn about past global and regional temperature changes by examining changes in the composition of the air, water, and sediments in large cores of the earth taken from the deep-sea bottom or the polar ice caps.

Some geoarchaeologists also have expertise in zooarchaeology or paleoethnobotany. They may use this expertise to examine millions of tiny fossil pollen grains preserved in old layers of sediment. By noting the differences in the fossils, geoarchaeologists can chart how the earth’s vegetation changed over time.

The bones of some animals, including rodents and many invertebrates, can also provide clues about ancient climates. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s American archaeologist Hallam Movius gathered such data from the Abri Pataud rockshelter of the late Ice Age in the Dordogne Valley of southwestern France. His research showed how hunter-gatherer bands living there 18,000 years ago adapted to constantly changing climatic conditions, which alternated between bitter cold and warmer periods.

Archaeologists working with botanists have also learned about prolonged drought cycles that affected the Anasazi Pueblo peoples of the North American Southwest. Because of the effects of such drought cycles on food production, these peoples abandoned large towns and dispersed into small villages about 700 years ago. Since the 1960s, American tree-ring expert Jeffrey Dean has examined wooden beams from ancient pueblos (dense villages of adobe and stone houses). Dean has used dendochronology (the study of annual growth ring sequences in tree trunks) to determine when droughts occurred and how long they lasted.

IV

THE GOALS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Modern archaeological studies have three major goals: (1) chronology, (2) reconstruction, and (3) explanation. Chronologies establish the age of excavated materials. Reconstructions are models of what past human campsites, settlements, or cities—and their environments—might have looked like, and how they might have functioned. Explanations are scientific theories about what people living in the past thought and did.

A

Chronology

Archaeologists carefully record their excavations in a way that allows them to piece together culture histories—chronologies (time perspectives) of past cultures. Excavations reveal the order in which remains were deposited, while laboratory analyses can give the actual age of remains. Archaeologists also document how each artifact or fossil lies in the ground in relation to other artifacts or fossils. This task involves careful recording of geological and artifact layers, or strata.

Chronological data can provide information such as how the use of a new style of pottery or type of weapon spread from one region to another over time. By analyzing this information for several related archaeological sites, archaeologists assemble long sequences of past human cultures.

For example, in the 1920s American archaeologist Alfred Kidder created a culture history at Pecos Pueblo, near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Kidder excavated human occupations at the pueblo going back more than 2,000 years. (Occupations are clearly defined layers of artifacts and fossils created by people who lived at a site.) He also collected pottery passed down through many generations of pueblo inhabitants. From these collected items, he was able to establish a continuous record of pottery styles from 2,000 years ago to the 1920s. Kidder then analyzed trends and changes in pottery styles through time. He associated each stylistic change in pottery with a change in the people’s culture, just as people today associate changes in clothing styles, for example, with changes in the culture. Archaeologists have since used the Pecos pottery sequence to assign approximate dates to dozens of sites throughout the Southwest and to determine cultural ties and differences among them.

B

Reconstruction

Varieties of Corn

By perhaps 5000 bc the indigenous peoples of southern Mexico first domesticated a wild variety of corn. The earliest corn plants bore only a few kernels on each stalk. By selectively breeding these plants over thousands of years, Native Americans developed a variety of types of domesticated corn, or maize, which bore large cobs holding hundreds of kernels. This illustration shows several varieties of maize.

Corbis

Building on information about the chronology and composition of sites and their environments, archaeologists reconstruct how life might have looked in particular places at particular times. The reconstruction of past ways of life depends on interpretation of well-documented material remains and environmental remains in their chronological contexts. Environmental remains may include animal body parts—such as bones, skins, and feathers—as well as parts of plants, such as seeds, pollens, and spores.

In the 1960s American archaeologist Richard MacNeish and a group of archaeologists and scientists from other fields reconstructed the subsistence patterns (ways of obtaining and producing food) of people who once lived in Mexico’s Tehuacán Valley. In the 1980s teams of later researchers refined MacNeish’s reconstructions. These researchers analyzed the chemical composition of materials from MacNeish’s studies and newly collected samples, including human bones and plant and animal remains found near those bones. The analyses revealed a shift in subsistence patterns over a 9000-year period. During this time, the inhabitants of the valley shifted from a pattern of seasonal migration and a diet of wild plants and game animals to a more stable pattern of settlement and a diet based on cultivated maize (corn), beans, and squash.

In another classic study of an archaeological site in its ecological setting, British archaeologist Grahame Clark excavated a tiny Stone Age hunting site in 1949. The site at Star Carr in northeastern England dated as far back as 10,700 years ago. By analyzing animal bones and tiny pollen grains, Clark determined that the site was at one time set amid reeds at the edge of a glacial lake and had been surrounded by a dense birch forest. The site yielded a wide variety of tools made of stone, bone, and antler. In the 1980s and 1990s archaeologists have returned to the site with more refined methods of analysis. They have been able to reconstruct the details of a yearly springtime habitation of the site over many centuries.

C

Explanation

Archaeologists commonly use theoretical models, experiments, and observations of the world as it is today to try to explain what happened in the past. They have attempted to explain, for example, why people first began to walk upright and why civilizations that once flourished suddenly collapsed. Good explanations come from well-thought-out theoretical models that propose ways in which the existing archaeological record might have been formed. Explanations can include factors such as environmental changes, demographic shifts (changes in population makeup and size), migrations, and patterns of thought and behavior. Whereas reconstructions use physical remains to create a picture of the past, explanations are attempts to answer questions about the past. For instance, the reconstruction of changes in settlement and subsistence patterns of the inhabitants of the Tehuacán Valley does not explain why these changes took place. They might be explained by any one factor or a combination of factors, such as a dramatic change in weather patterns, an increase in the population, or a conscious decision to take advantage of a new discovery—agriculture. To be persuasive, an explanation has to fit with the existing archaeological data and stand up to scrutiny over time.

V

GAINING INSIGHTS ON THE PAST

Early Hunting and Gathering Tools

An assortment of prehistoric tools provides evidence of the hunting and gathering methods of early peoples. Slabs of bark were often used to gather nuts and berries and functioned as crude dishes or bowls (top left). Reproductions of fishing tackle and arrows believed to have been used around 8000 bc are displayed on the lower left. Recovered tools for digging and cutting (right) are shown with recreated wooden handles. The heads of the adzes are made from flint, as is the fire-starter shown below them.

Dorling Kindersley

It would be extremely difficult for archaeologists to interpret the archaeological record if they thought that people and cultures of the past bore no resemblance to those of today. Because they assume that there has been some continuity through time, archaeologists commonly use information from the present to interpret the past. One way they accomplish this is by doing archaeological research on present-day societies—studying the ways in which people live today and the material traces that their activities leave behind. This method is known as ethnoarchaeology. Archaeologists also try to experimentally recreate the patterns they find in their research—a technique known as experimental archaeology. Successful recreations can become plausible explanations for how the archaeological record was formed.

A

Clues from the Present

Artifact and fossil evidence reveals that humans lived by hunting and gathering until relatively recently in human evolution. Archaeologists have tried to understand this way of life by studying living groups of hunter-gatherers, including Aboriginal Australians, Inuit and other Eskimo peoples of the Arctic, and the San people of Botswana’s Kalahari Desert. Through ethnoarchaeology, archaeologists cautiously deduce characteristics of past cultures based on their observations of living peoples. Archaeologists believe that present-day hunter-gatherers and people who lived throughout much of prehistory share some aspects of their ways of life.

To document the lives of living peoples, archaeologists do a brief type of ethnographic research, the method of study usually practiced by cultural anthropologists. In this method, the archaeologists spend time among the people they are studying, keeping detailed records of the people’s daily activities and behaviors. They also make precise records of the people’s abandoned campsites and settlements, including discarded food remains and artifacts, to compare with patterns they see in archaeological sites. Ethnoarchaeological research can provide valuable clues for deciphering accumulations of artifacts and other remains found in archaeological sites, particularly accumulations that resulted from such activities as toolmaking or animal butchering.

In an ethnoarchaeological study made from 1969 to 1973, American archaeologist Lewis Binford documented the caribou-hunting methods of the Nunamiut Eskimo of Alaska. He followed the hunters, studied their butchering techniques, and mapped their kill and butchering sites. Binford collected information that proved extremely useful in interpreting distributions of animal bones in other archaeological sites.

B

Recreating the Record

Meat Eating Among Early Humans

Archaeological research indicates that early species of the genus Homo may have been the first human ancestors to eat meat on a regular basis. In the lower foreground of this artist’s rendering, a mother and child share meat from an animal carcass. Rather than hunting prey themselves, these early humans often may have scavenged the kills of predatory animals, using simple stone tools to cut up carcasses.

Richard Schlecht/National Geographic Image Collection

Archaeologists may also try to recreate the artifacts and patterns they find in excavated sites in order to understand how artifacts were made and how patterns formed. In experimental archaeology, archaeologists perform controlled experiments to help interpret finds such as abandoned fire hearths, accumulations of waste from stone toolmaking, and collapsed buildings.

In experiments conducted in the 1980s, American paleoanthropologists Nicholas Toth and Kathy Schick reconstructed the simple stone toolmaking techniques of early humans through controlled replication. They and their research teams used the same types of stones that the first toolmakers used and even collected them from the same areas. They tried making tools in a variety of ways. By making tools using both their right and left hands, and then comparing the resulting patterns in their tools with those from prehistoric sites, Toth and Schick learned that some early humans were left-handed. In addition, the stone flakes left by ancient toolmaking allow an expert to reconstruct minute details of stone technology, such as whether (and even how many times) a tool was retouched to give it a new, sharp edge. Toth and Schick and their research teams also butchered animal carcasses with stone tools to see what the resulting cuts look like. This information has helped archaeologists determine the extent to which ancient peoples hunted or scavenged for meat.

Some of the most ambitious experimental archaeology projects have involved long-term trials with prehistoric farming methods in Europe. Since 1972 archaeologists have experimented with prehistoric agricultural methods at Butser in southern England. Using only ancient tilling implements, they plant and grow varieties of grains used in prehistoric times. Other research at Butser involves breeding animals that were bred in prehistoric times. Researchers also have experimented with storing food supplies in covered pits in the ground, a practice that was common around 300 bc during the Iron Age. Using this technique, ancient farmers could keep food supplies over long winters and store seed to plant each spring.

VI

ESTABLISHING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Before archaeologists excavate, they locate potential sites and test them to determine if the sites will yield artifacts and other remains. Until about the late 1960s, many archaeologists favored large-scale excavations, arguing that the more ground they cleared the more they would discover. Today, archaeologists know that any disturbance of an archaeological site, however scientific, actually destroys an irreplaceable record of the past. For this reason, modern excavations are usually done on a more limited scale.

Once excavated, archaeological sites are gone forever. Good survey techniques are crucial for minimizing damage to the record and for locating sites that contain objects of interest. Increasingly, archaeologists are also using less intrusive ways of investigating the past. Advanced technologies that can provide archaeological data without digging—such as various kinds of radar, magnetic sensors, and soil electric-resistance detectors—can keep actual excavation to a minimum.

A

Knowing Where to Dig

View of Stonehenge

Stonehenge, a circular arrangement of large stones located near Salisbury, England, was a ritual monument for prehistoric peoples. It was built between 3000 and 1000 bc. Little is known about Stonehenge’s function, but many scholars believe that its structure allowed its builders to predict solstices, equinoxes, eclipses, and other events of the solar calendar.

© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.

Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s. In Israel in 1947, two Bedouins discovered the Dead Sea Scrolls by accident in a cave.

Dead Sea Scrolls

In 1947 Jum’a, a shepherd of the Ta’amireh tribe of the nomadic Bedouins, discovered ancient scrolls rolled up in leather and cloth in a cave to the northwest of the Dead Sea in the Qumrān Valley. A remarkable archaeological find, the scrolls formed the first part of a collection of Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts that were discovered in quick succession after Jum’a’s original find. These ancient texts, which include the Book of Isaiah in its entirety and fragments from all other books of the Old Testament except for the Book of Esther, turned out to be more than 1000 years older than any other known Hebrew texts.

Douglas Burrows/Liaison Agency

Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s bc. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.

Palace at Knossos

Little was known of the early Minoan civilization of Crete until British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans began a series of excavations in 1894. Skilled in such fields as engineering and architecture, the Minoans constructed the palace at Knossos, shown here, in about 1700 bc.

Wolfgang Kaehler

To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.

Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacán

The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacán, Mexico, was built between the 1st and 2nd centuries ad. The structure is made of layers of clay faced with stone, and it stands more than 61 m (200 ft) high. Flights of stairs lead to the top, where a temple to the sun god Uitzilopochtli originally stood. The site is aligned with the rising and setting of the sun on the summer solstice.

Sapieha/Art Resource, NY

Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors.

Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.

Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. Many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between ad 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed. Archaeologists believe the people of Copán may have overfarmed the surrounding land, depleting their primary food supply and forcing them into the countryside in search of fertile land.

American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around ad 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. Million and Cowgill found evidence in distinctive potsherds that foreign merchants, from areas such as Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico and the Valley of Oaxaca, lived in small enclaves, apart from the main community of Teotihuacán.

B

Aerial Survey Methods

Angkor Wat from Space

This radar image was taken over Cambodia in 1994 by the space shuttle Endeavour from its orbit around earth. It shows the 12th-century Angkor Wat, the largest temple complex in the world. It covers an area of roughly 81 hectares (about 200 acres).

Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA

Archaeologists rely on a wide variety of aerial survey methods, all of which are commonly referred to as remote sensing. Remote sensing involves using photography, radar, and other imaging technologies to detect potential sites. The technology was developed largely as a tool for military reconnaissance. During World War I (1914-1918) American military pilots took photographs from the air that revealed previously unknown archaeological sites in France and the Middle East. Archaeologists have used aerial survey techniques ever since.

Aerial photography is especially useful for detecting archaeological sites that are difficult to see from the ground. Aerial photographs reveal human-made geographical features such as earthworks; these giant earthen mounds were erected by prehistoric peoples in many parts of the world, including Britain and North America (Mound Builders). Aerial photos have also revealed entire Roman road systems in northern Africa that are almost invisible from the ground. Some sites appear in aerial photographs as distinctive marks running through agricultural fields and deserts. For instance, at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, a combination of aerial photographs and other techniques revealed the full extent of an elaborate road system that led to the pueblos and sacred sites of the Anasazi people whose society centered on the canyon between about ad 850 and 1130. The Chaco road system was almost invisible on the ground without the help of air photographs. See also Chaco Culture National Historical Park.

Archaeologists also use other airborne technologies that record information about the earth’s surface and subsurface. Aerial photographs of infrared radiation can detect minute differences in ground temperatures. Using infrared photography, archaeologists identify soils that have been disturbed or manipulated in the past, as well as other ground features that are normally invisible. Infrared photographs and thermal scanners also detect the presence of subsurface stone and variations in soil moisture. Subsurface stone may indicate the presence of buried buildings, and soil moisture differences can reveal ancient crop fields.

Sideways-looking airborne radar (SLAR) is an advanced aerial technology that sends and receives pulses of radiation. These pulses are used to form a detailed picture of the terrain below and around an aircraft’s flight path. SLAR is commonly used for geological mapping and oil exploration; archaeologists find it useful for locating sites under the dense canopy of rain forests.

Ancient Indian Mounds

The Watson Brake mound complex in northeast Louisiana consists of 11 earthen mounds connected by lower ridges. Archaeologists reported in September 1997 that these human-made structures are more than 5000 years old, making them the oldest large-scale earthworks in the Americas.

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The excellent imaging capabilities of SLAR helped archaeologists solve the mystery of how the Classical Maya civilization supported its enormous population. This civilization dominated the Yucatán Peninsula region—primarily in what are now Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala—from about the 4th to the 10th century ad. SLAR revealed formerly invisible, gray, crisscrossed grids in the swampy lowlands of the Maya region. Subsequent ground surveys identified these grids as ancient moat-and-field systems, called chinampas, which Maya farmers used to grow large quantities of maize and other staple crops.

Archaeological sites have also been located from space. Imaging radar systems carried on U.S. space shuttle flights in 1981 and 1994 revealed ancient river valleys buried under the sands of the Sahara in northern Africa. American archaeologist C. Vance Haynes discovered 200,000-year-old stone axes in the subsurface deposits of one of these valleys. These tools provide evidence of human habitation in the Sahara when it was a fertile area with plenty of vegetation.

C

Ground Survey Methods

Nineveh

The ancient city of Nineveh was first settled in Neolithic times, before 6000 bc. The city, which is located in northern Iraq opposite the modern city of Mosul, was once the capital of the Assyrian empire. All that remains of Nineveh are two large mounds and the remains of the city walls. Shown here is a depiction of the royal palace of Assyrian king Sargon II that once stood in the city

Archive Photos

Much archaeological research still takes place on the ground. Most ground surveys involve long days of walking and looking for telltale signs of ancient human habitation. Various objects may remain on the surface for long periods of time. Archaeologists may find pot fragments or stone tools, light-colored ash from ancient fires, and piles of shells accumulated by people who ate shellfish. Other objects come up to the surface when previously built-up sediments are eroded by weather, or they may be brought up by burrowing animals.

The ruins of a few ancient Asian cities—including Jericho in the present-day West Bank, Nineveh in present-day Iraq, and Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan’s Indus Valley—were easily visible above ground at the time of their discovery. Archaeological sites are usually inconspicuous, however.

Mohenjo-Daro Ruins

The ruins of the ancient city Mohenjo-Daro are found in the province of Sind, southern Pakistan. Dating to 2500 bc, the ruins are an important source of information about the Indus Valley civilization, which was one of the world’s first great civilizations.

Arvind Garg

When an archaeologist has reason to believe that there is something to be found in a particular area, systematic and patient searching sometimes pays rich dividends. British archaeologist Francis Pryor spent many months searching the banks of drainage canals in the flatlands of eastern England. In 1992 he finally found some waterlogged timbers at Flag Fen, a bog near the present-day city of Peterborough. These timbers were the remains of a submerged 3,000-year-old Bronze Age settlement and field system. The marshland preserved a long set of posts, the remainder of 50,000 such posts that held up a platform stretching for 1 km (0.6 mi). Beneath the platform Pryor’s excavation team found bones, plant materials, and bronze implements that the inhabitants had thrown into the shallow water, perhaps as religious offerings. Researchers also retrieved the oldest-known wheel in England from the marsh.

Ground-penetrating radar can detect objects and impressions left by decayed remains beneath the earth’s surface. It is a powerful tool for examining buried features at archaeological sites. For instance, in 1989 American archaeologist Payson Sheets used such radar to locate hut floors at the Maya village of Cerén, in what is now El Salvador. The village was buried under volcanic ash in the 6th century ad. Using computers, researchers created a three-dimensional map of the landscape as it appeared before it was buried.

D

Computer-Aided Mapping

In recent years, many archaeologists have begun to use geographic information systems (GIS) to aid in mapping sites. These computer-based systems allow the collection, storage, and manipulation of environmental, geographic, and geologic data, together with archaeological information, in a single database. Using this technology, archaeologists can create maps that simulate different environments and ways in which people might have used land, living space, and material goods.

Italian archaeologists have used GIS technology to interpret life in the Roman city of Pompeii, which was buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in ad 79. Researchers mapped thousands of computerized pictures of artifacts directly over floor plans of individual houses, matching specific artifacts to the exact locations where they were recovered. Using a database of artifacts, locations, and other information, archaeologists can quickly study a wide variety of interconnected topics about Pompeii, from relationships between people’s wealth and their lifestyles to differences among wall paintings from one dwelling to another.

VII

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION

Many 19th-century archaeological excavations proceeded unscientifically. Archaeologists commonly rushed through disorderly searches for spectacular art works and buried treasure. During the 20th century, archaeologists developed precise, detailed methods of excavation and statistical sampling (mathematical ways of answering questions using relatively small amounts of data). Archaeologists today can often obtain more information from a small trench than they could recover from a large dig a generation ago.

A

Developing Research Questions

Objects of Celtic Life

Celtic objects found in archaeological digs indicate the Celts inhabited what is now France and western Germany in the late Bronze Age, around 1200 bc. The bronze helmet (top center) probably belonged to a high-ranking Celtic warrior. Its hollow horns were made of riveted sheets of bronze, and the helmet was probably more for display than battle. The shiny sheath (third from left) also was made from sheets of bronze riveted together and had a birch-bark lining.

Dorling Kindersley

Archaeologists decide where and how much to dig based, in part, on what questions they want to answer; they must also determine the best ways to answer these questions. They must decide, for instance, how much and what types of statistical sampling to use. These choices, as well as time and money limitations, affect archaeologists’ excavation plans. In addition, archaeologists attempt to limit excavations to leave intact as much of the archaeological record as possible. A dig should answer planned research questions while disturbing the archaeological record as little as possible.

Between 1969 and 1988 British archaeologist Barry Cunliffe investigated a 2000-year-old Iron Age Celtic fort built on a hill (for defensive purposes) at Danebury in southern England (see Celts). Cunliffe conducted minimal and careful stratigraphic examination of the hill, observing the layers of earth and the objects contained within the earth. From this information he developed a chronology of the site, establishing what happened there through time. He then conducted a few larger excavations of open areas in the interior of the fort to study the crowded settlement that flourished there. By keeping to his carefully formulated research strategy, Cunliffe left large areas of the site undisturbed for later generations to investigate.

B

Minimizing the Size of a Dig

Because of the high costs of excavation and concerns about conserving the archaeological record, most archaeologists today work on small projects in relatively short periods of time. Only rarely do modern-day excavations cover large amounts of land and last many years, as did some earlier digs.

In the early years of scientific archaeology, grand excavations of important sites gave prestige to the archaeologists and institutions that conducted them. British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley’s excavation from 1922 to 1934 of the Sumerian city of Ur, in present-day Iraq, typified these expansive and highly publicized digs. Woolley employed hundreds of workers, unearthed entire quarters of the city, and probed to the bottom of the city mound (the accumulation of many generations of inhabitants), the level at which a small farming village had flourished in about 4700 bc. He also excavated a spectacular royal burial site where a buried prince lay entombed. The prince was surrounded by the members of his court, all of whom were executed for the burial.

In contrast, modern excavations can reveal significant amounts of information with a minimum of digging by a small team of people. For instance, in the 1970s and 1980s, American archaeologists Fred Wendorf and Angela Close excavated a series of tiny foraging camps by the Nile River in Egypt. These camps were occupied between about 16,000 and 15,000 bc. The researchers used a combination of wide but shallow excavations and small, narrow test pits to sample the densest concentrations of artifacts, fragments of animal and fish bones, and the remains of hearths. These small-scale excavations allowed the researchers to gain good insights into how foragers lived along the Nile at the end of the last Ice Age.

C

Practicing Site Conservation

Maya Carving

The Maya, a Native American people of Mexico and the northern part of Central America, produced intricate relief carvings (sculpture in which the figures project from a background surface), such as this piece from the late classical period of Maya civilization (7th to 9th century). The relief art either adorned buildings or stood alone as stelae (inscribed stone slabs and pillars). Maya sculpture frequently depicted rulers and gave dates and other information about these rulers. Sculpture and other art forms were also used to record important events and to portray deities and their activities.

George Swain/Liaison Agency

Archaeological study of large ancient cities and other historical settlements now often involves both scientific excavation and conservation work. For example, at the Maya city of Copán, in present-day Honduras, workers have excavated a temple complex in the city’s center as well as large areas around the center. The excavators have also participated in painstaking reconstruction of collapsed structures. Some buildings contain hieroglyphic accounts of the rulers who ordered their construction. The excavations have provided archaeologists with new information about the ruling dynasties of Copán. The accompanying conservation work has preserved the site for posterity and has created an attraction for tourism, a major part of the Honduran economy.

D

Beginning a Dig

Grid System

An archaeologist examines a skeleton excavated at the first English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia. The system of perpendicular, crossed lines of string over the excavation, known as a grid system, allows the archaeologist to precisely record the location of the skeleton in relation to other objects.

Richards/Liaison Agency

Archaeological excavation involves meticulous recording of the location of all artifacts, fossils, and other items of interest. How this information will be recorded is established at the beginning of a dig. Researchers commonly use a grid system to record the objects found in a site. A grid system is anchored to a baseline called a datum point. The datum point serves as the center of reference for the location of artifacts, other remains, and features of the terrain. By using such a system, archaeologists can record the precise horizontal position of any find, however small, with reference to other objects in the dig. They also record the precise vertical location of each object, according to the geological and occupation layers in which they are buried.

Using computerized recording equipment and three-dimensional plots, researchers can recreate a site on a computer screen for analysis. Computer-based mapping systems, such as GIS, aid archaeologists in creating precise surveys of major sites and in reconstructing the design of ruined buildings down to intricate architectural features.

The details of excavation methods vary from one site to the next, but the basic principles of careful recording and precise archaeological methods remain the same everywhere—on land or in water, for the excavation of a 2-million-year-old site or a 19th-century city neighborhood. Many archaeologists distinguish between three general forms of excavation: test pits, vertical excavations, and horizontal excavations. Test pits are small holes dug at spaced intervals to establish the extent of a site. Vertical excavations are trenches dug to the depth of sterile bedrock (bedrock that contains little or no organic or human-made material). Vertical excavations establish dates and sequences of human occupation of a site. Horizontal excavations cover large areas of land and provide information on the layout of entire campsites, villages, or city precincts. Modern horizontal excavations involve numerous small digs to reduce damage to the archaeological record.

E

Tools and Methods

Archaeologists in the Field

Archaeologists may work for years at an excavation site before discovering artifacts or remains. Their work proceeds carefully and methodically, because they do not wish to miss or accidentally destroy potentially valuable clues to former cultures. Here, archaeologists examine skeletal remains at a Basque grave.

William Curtsinger/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Archaeologists rely on a wide variety of tools. These include bulldozers for removing sterile (empty) layers from the top of buried occupation layers, picks and shovels for removing smaller areas of sterile soil, hand adzes and trowels for careful excavation around buried materials, and delicate dental picks and brushes for cleaning skeletal remains and other fragile discoveries.

Archaeologists spend much of their time on digs identifying hard-to-recognize stratigraphic and occupation layers. They also locate inconspicuous site features, such as postholes, which are the filled-in indentations left by post beams used in houses and other structures; storage pits, where foods were once kept; and hearths. The diamond-shaped trowels used by archaeologists have blades that can scrape fine soil smoothly enough to reveal the precise edges of such features as postholes and buried remains.

Archaeologists also have specialized methods and tools for separating extremely small buried materials from the surrounding soil. They use fine mesh screens to search for items such as cereal grains and other plant remains, the bones of rodents and other small animals, and tiny artifacts such as beads. However, these screens are not delicate enough for the recovery of the tiniest plant remains, such as pollen grains and the smallest seeds. To recover these materials, archaeologists use a technique called flotation, in which sediments are mixed with water and the organic matter floats to the surface.

In a study in the 1970s at Abu Hureyra, in Syria’s Euphrates Valley, British archaeobotanist (specialist in ancient plant remains) Gordon Hillman ran large samples of deposits through water and fine screens. Using this method, he was able to recover thousands of cereal seeds. The seeds provided clues that the ancient village had suffered through drought. Hillman determined that the nut-rich forests that grew close to Abu Hureyra in 8500 bc must have retreated later during a long period of dry weather. The drought forced people to forage more for cereal grasses, including ancient forms of wheat and barley.

F

Studying Ancient Environments

Olduvai Gorge

British paleoanthropologists Louis S. B. Leakey and Mary Leakey discovered the remains of some of the earliest-known human settlements in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Africa.

L. Riley/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

Until the second half of the 20th century, many archaeologists worked without the help of experts from other fields. Today, most archaeologists work with close-knit teams of trained excavators as well as with scientists from other disciplines who specialize in studying ancient environments.

For example, from the 1950s to the 1970s at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, an international team of scientists excavated a series of animal bone caches, places where early humans butchered animals and ate animal body parts. The researchers studied hundreds of stone tools and fragments found in the caches along with broken animal bones. They also gathered soil samples and freshwater shells in order to study the ecology of the area between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago, when the caches were in use. Microscopic analysis of the broken bones showed that some were stolen from predator kills, then broken up by hominids using stone tools, and later scavenged a second time by hyenas. Before this research, most anthropologists believed that humans became predatory hunters as soon as they had learned to make tools. The Olduvai research shows that humans were scavengers long before they began hunting on a regular basis.

Many excavations of Stone Age sites concentrate on base camps, places where small groups of generally nomadic foragers settled while they collected food resources from the surrounding area. Such projects involve excavation of the entire camp, including the careful dissection of hearths. Because hearths consist of ash and charcoal accumulations, they are important for radiocarbon dating.

Kill sites, places where hunters captured and butchered their prey, can also reveal valuable information. For example, in about 6000 bc, a group of hunters on the central plains of North America drove a herd of bison into a dry arroyo, or gully, near what is now Kit Carson, Colorado. In the late 1950s American archaeologist Joe Ben Wheat excavated the bones of about 190 bison jammed in the narrow arroyo. By carefully recording and studying the bones in their original positions, Wheat was able to reconstruct the hunting and butchering procedures used by the hunters.

Wheat found that the bison at the bottom of the pit, about 40 animals, remained unbutchered because the rest of the herd had fallen in on top of them. These untouched skeletons lay with their heads facing south, indicating the direction they were running when they fell into the arroyo. Because Wheat found projectile points lodged in the carcasses of only these lowest, inaccessible animals, he determined that the hunters had ambushed the herd, which then stampeded in the direction of the arroyo. Wheat also recovered numerous stone butchering and hunting tools among the top levels of butchered carcasses, also showing that this was a planned attack. The large number of bison meant that the hunters had ambushed a full herd. The herd included many juvenile and infant bison, which showed that the hunt had likely taken place in late spring.

G

Excavating Structures

There are various methods used to excavate sites that contain standing structures. The methods used depend on the size and complexity of the structures. Small structures such as mud-brick houses, adobe pueblos, and stone masonry dwellings are fairly easy to excavate, in part because of their size and the relative recentness of their burial. Sites of monumental architecture—large public and often sacred buildings—require special excavation methods. Evidence of religious activity may be particularly difficult to identify, so even large excavations must proceed carefully to preserve the smallest details. While excavations of masonry monuments such as the Egyptian pyramids or the Parthenon have been relatively straightforward, excavations of some ancient monuments have proved more difficult. For instance, sun-dried mud-brick temples built about 2800 bc by Sumerian architects, in what is now southern Iraq, had become almost undistinguishable from the clayey soil and sand that surrounded them (see Sumer). Archaeologists had to use air compressors to carefully blow away the surrounding soil and reveal the structures of the temples.

Excavation has been even more difficult for sites that contain arrangements of megalithic structures. At these sites, archaeologists have sought to understand the significance of the alignments of the stones and the relationships between individual stones. For instance, the multiple stone circles and arcs of Stonehenge in southern England were erected at different times during the Bronze Age, with construction reaching its zenith around 1800 bc. To establish the chronology of Stonehenge’s construction, numerous archaeological excavations since the early 1900s have removed earth and buried objects from around the bases of the structure’s rough, massive stone columns. Radiocarbon datings of charcoal fragments and precise stratigraphic excavations at the structure’s base show that Stonehenge was constructed in multiple architectural phases.

VIII

DETERMINING THE AGE OF FINDS

“How old is it?” While archaeologists seem to answer this question with ease, the answer is based on difficult science. Accurately dating an archaeological site requires the application of two distinct methods of dating: relative and absolute. Relative dating establishes the date of archaeological finds in relation to one another. Absolute dating is the often more difficult task of determining the year in which an artifact, remain, or geological layer was deposited.

A

Relative Dating

Stratigraphy

Archaeologists determine the age of artifacts and other remains in relation to each other and to the present through a technique called stratigraphy. This illustration depicts a cross-section into the ground in which many layers of soil, rock, and other materials can be seen. In most cases, objects buried in lower layers, such as the stonework, are older than those in higher layers, such as the skull.

© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Relative dating relies on the principle of superposition. This principle states that deeper layers in a stratified sequence of naturally or humanly deposited earth are older than shallower layers. In other words, the uppermost layer is the most recent, and each deeper layer is somewhat older. Relative chronologies come from two sources: (1) careful stratigraphic excavation in the field, noting the precise location of every artifact and remain within layers of earth; and (2) close study of the characteristics of artifacts themselves.

Ancient Clay Pottery

Scuba divers gather clay jars found in an 11th-century shipwreck off the coast of Turkey. Clay was widely used in early civilizations for making vessels, plates, sculptures, and building materials. When baked in an oven, clay becomes rock-hard, almost impervious to weathering. Some of the best-preserved artifacts are clay pottery of ancient cultures.

Jonathan Blair/Corbis

Archaeologists commonly use clay potsherds to develop chronological sequences for cultures of the Neolithic and later periods. Pottery was invented during the last Stone Age period, known as the Neolithic, which began about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East. Potsherds occur in such large numbers in most sites that researchers can collect only small samples of them in a single excavation. Using statistical sampling methods, archaeologists can use smaller numbers of artifacts, such as potsherds, to make accurate estimations of the total numbers of each type of artifact. Archaeologists use such statistical estimates to reconstruct sequences of past cultural change, as follows.

Mexican Pottery Styles Over Time

American archaeologist Richard MacNeish used seriation to trace the ancient development of pottery styles in the Tehuacán Valley of Mexico. This illustration depicts a sequence of pottery styles from about 2850 bc to about ad 1500.

© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

When studying potsherds or other artifacts, archaeologists record variations in characteristics such as material composition, form, style, and decoration. This information forms the basis for developing seriations (artifact sequences), which chronicle artifact evolution over hundreds or thousands of years. Pottery characteristics, like modern automobile designs and clothing fashions, changed over time, growing and then diminishing in popularity. By noting these changes, archaeologists can establish long sequences of artifact styles.

In the 1960s on an ancient village site in the Tehuacán Valley of present-day Mexico, Richard MacNeish examined hundreds of broken potsherds from dozens of sites. From these fragments, MacNeish documented a shift from plain to richly decorated vessels over a period of several occupations of the village. He developed a complete sequence of pottery styles across the entire valley from before 3000 bc to recent times. MacNeish also gave absolute dates to his sequence using radiocarbon analysis from charcoal found near and around potsherds.

B

Absolute Dating

Absolute dating, sometimes called chronometric dating, refers to the assignment of calendar year dates to artifacts, fossils, and other remains. Obtaining such dates is one of archaeology’s greatest challenges. Archaeologists who specialize in prehistoric periods use a variety of both well-established and experimental methods for absolute dating of ancient cultures.

B1

Dating to Objects of Known Age

One of the simpler ways to determine the absolute age of an object is to find historical documents or objects of known age that confirm the date, or both. The earliest recordings of dates, documented in writing or some other form of decipherable notation, come from about 3000 bc in southwestern Asia. In other areas, people did not begin to record dates until far more recently. In the Americas, for instance, writing may not have existed until around 650 bc; the civilizations of Mesoamerica, such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Aztec, and Maya, are the only civilizations in the Americas known to have writing—the Inca of South America left no evidence of writing.

Artifacts with known dates, such as coins or pottery of a well-known period, provide archaeologists with comparisons that allow them to assign dates to other sites and cultures that did not have writing. For example, during his excavations of Knossos in the early 1900s Sir Arthur Evans also studied pottery vessels found in Egypt that were made by the Minoan inhabitants of Bronze Age Crete. Knowing the dates of the sites in Egypt where the vessels were found, Evans determined that the Minoan civilization, one of several to rule the island of Crete, flourished between 2000 and 1250 bc (see Aegean Civilization). Because of its dependence on writing, the method of using historically dated artifacts to date new finds can only be used on archaeological sites that existed after the advent of written records.

B2

Tree-Ring Dating

Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico

Chaco Culture National Historical Park, in northwestern New Mexico, contains archaeological remains of the Anasazi culture. Pueblo Bonito is the largest and best-preserved of the more than 13 major ruins in the park. The 10th-century building is believed to have contained 800 rooms.

David Muench/ALLSTOCK, INC.

Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, was originally developed in the Southwest United States using the annual growth rings on long-lived trees, such as bristlecone pine. These growth rings fluctuate in width from year to year, depending on annual rainfall. By studying the growth patterns of many ancient trees that lived for long periods of time, researchers can create so-called master tree-ring patterns. These master patterns can be compared with pieces of wood found in archaeological sites. Thus, archaeologists can use wooden objects, such as house posts, to determine the age of artifacts and other remains. Since the 1920s, archaeologists doing research in the Southwest have used dendrochronology to date wooden beams from pueblos. The wooden beams have been well preserved in the dry heat of the area and have been used to precisely date sites such as Mesa Verde, Colorado, and Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

In recent years, researchers have applied dendrochronology to European oaks and a variety of Mediterranean trees. Dendrochronologists have established tree-ring chronologies that extend to as early as 6600 bc in Germany. Using these tree-ring chronologies, archaeologists have been able to date the earliest farming in central Europe to between 6000 and 5000 bc. Tree-ring dating has also allowed scientists to date drought cycles that may have been important in the rise and fall of cultures in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions. At the site of one of the world’s earliest farming villages, Çatal Hüyük in Turkey, British archaeologist Ian Hodder used a tree-ring sequence to date individual houses within the settlement that existed in about 7000 bc.

B3

Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon (C-14) Dating

All living organisms absorb radiocarbon, an unstable form of carbon that has a half-life of about 5,730 years. During its lifetime, an organism continually replenishes its supply of radiocarbon by breathing and eating. After the organism dies and becomes a fossil, C-14 continues to decay without being replaced. To measure the amount of radiocarbon left in a fossil, scientists burn a small piece to convert it into carbon dioxide gas. Radiation counters are used to detect the electrons given off by decaying C-14 as it turns into nitrogen. The amount of C-14 is compared to the amount of C-12, the stable form of carbon, to determine how much radiocarbon has decayed and to date the fossil.

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Radiocarbon dating was developed by American chemist Willard Libby and his colleagues in 1949, and it quickly became one of the most widely used tools in archaeology. Radiation from space produces neutrons that enter the earth’s atmosphere and react with nitrogen to produce the carbon isotope C-14 (carbon 14). All living organisms accumulate this isotope through their metabolism until it is in balance with levels in the atmosphere, but when they die they absorb no more. Because the nucleus of C-14 decays at a known rate, scientists can determine the age of organic substances such as bones, plant matter, shells, and charcoal by measuring the amount on C-14 that remains in them. See also Dating Methods: Carbon-14 Method.

Radiocarbon methods can date sites that are up to 40,000 or 50,000 years old. These methods have revolutionized archaeology over the past half-century. For instance, radiocarbon testing of materials from early farming settlements at Jericho, in what is now Jordan, dated these settlements to as early as 7800 bc, indicating that they are more than 3500 years older than was once thought.

In recent years, scientists have developed a new approach to radiocarbon dating using a device called an accelerator mass spectrometer. This device directly counts C-14 atoms, rather than counting rates of disintegration. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) can date a sample as small as a single kernel of grain or a fleck of wood preserved inside a bronze axe socket. This method can date items that are up to 90,000 years old.

Since AMS dates can come from very small, isolated objects, the resulting chronologies can be much more accurate than those from standard radiocarbon dating. For example, American archaeologist Bruce Smith used AMS to date individual maize cobs from caves in the Tehuacán Valley. His results indicated that domesticated corn was grown there by about 2500 bc, much later than earlier radiocarbon dates had suggested.

Radiocarbon dates are approximations, and they are published with statistical margins of error. For instance, a date may be given as 30,000 bc ± 2000 years. However, the radiocarbon dates of objects less than about 8000 years old are also compared with and calibrated to dates from tree-ring analysis. These estimates can pinpoint the age of an object with great precision, often to within 100 years.

B4

Potassium-Argon Dating

Potassium-argon dating provides approximate dates for sites in early prehistory. Geologists use this method to date volcanic rocks that may be as much as 4 billion to 5 billion years old. Potassium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust. Many minerals contain radioactive K-40 (potassium 40) isotopes, which decay at a known rate into Ar-40 (argon 40) gas. Scientists use a device called a spectrometer to measure the accumulation of Ar-40 in relation to amounts of K-40. The ratio of these elements can indicate the age of a geologic layer, generally since it last underwent a metamorphosis, such as melting under the heat of molten lava from a volcanic eruption. Thus, geologic layers rich in volcanic deposits lend themselves to potassium-argon dating.

Prehistoric archaeological sites such as the Koobi Fora area of East Turkana, Kenya, and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, both of which formed during periods of intense volcanic activity, have been dated using the potassium-argon method. However, such dates commonly have a high margin of error. For instance, in the 1960s British archaeologist Glynn Isaac studied a site in a layer of Koobi Fora in which it appeared early humans had butchered animal carcasses. Isaac dated the site at 2.6 million years old, with a margin of error of over 250,000 years.

B5

Other Methods of Absolute Dating

Archaeologists also use more experimental methods of absolute dating. Electron spin resonance (ESR) measures the electrons captured in bone or shell samples up to 2 million years old. ESR testing on human tooth enamel from Skhul Cave in Israel dates some of the earliest anatomically modern humans in southwestern Asia to about 100,000 years ago.

Uranium series dating measures the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes in rocks made up of calcium carbonates, such as limestone and calcite. This technique may be used to date bones and tools embedded in these rocks. For instance, in 1994 archaeologists Allison Brooks and John Yellen used uranium series dating to determine the age of early African fish spears made of animal bone. The spears, which came from Katanda in the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, are thought to date to about 20,000 years ago.

Thermoluminescence is a technique that measures electron emissions from once-heated materials, such as pottery or rocks that were once exposed to solar or volcanic heat. Many thermoluminescence tests have produced unreliable results. Archaeologists are attempting to refine the technique.

IX

INTERPRETING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD

Once a site has been documented, mapped, and dated, the archaeologist tries to integrate all the data into a coherent and understandable picture of the past. Archaeologists draw from what is already known of the archaeological record to develop their interpretations. Their new interpretations then add to that body of knowledge.

A

Classifying Archaeological Finds

Seriation

Archaeologists look at stylistic trends among artifacts to determine seriations, or sequences of artifact evolution. This hypothetical seriation diagram shows how the distribution of five styles of wine bottles changes over time. For example, the frequency of bottle type C increases gradually to a peak of 75 percent in the middle of the time sequence, and then gradually declines in frequency as bottle type D increases in frequency.

© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Everyone classifies objects—we know the difference, for example, between eating utensils and automobiles. We also make choices among objects—we choose a spoon to eat soup and a fork for salad, and we use large trucks to carry loads but small cars to save gas. The objects that archaeologists study were all once classified in similar ways by the people who originally made or interacted with those objects. Thus, archaeologists classify their finds to help them understand past cultures.

In archaeology, classification is a research tool that is used to distinguish among different artifacts and other material objects. Archaeologists use various systems of classifying artifacts to organize data into understandable units. Archaeological classifications describe artifact types, such as different forms of pottery, as well as relationships among different objects of a common type, such as clay vessels. Archaeologists call this system typology—a hierarchical classification based on artifact types and groupings.

When studying thousands of stone tools or potsherds, archaeologists search for patterns in them, such as of shape, color, and material composition. These patterns become the variables that define each category of object. For example, the category “containers” may include such objects as shallow bowls and round-based pitchers with curved handles.

After grouping the artifacts from an excavation into specific types, archaeologists determine the sequence in which those artifact types existed in the past. The process of determining this sequence is called seriation. Archaeologists believe that sequences of artifact types, or seriations, illustrate how past cultures changed over long periods of time.

Archaeologists often analyze artifact type sequences from many sites covering large areas of land. The comparison of multiple type sequences can show how particular types of artifacts spread from one group of people to another in the past. For example, during a period of over 1000 years beginning in about 1500 bc, a distinctive shell-ornamented pottery known to archaeologists as Lapita ceramics spread widely from one island to another in the southwestern Pacific. The continual evolution of Lapita pottery and other items across islands shows that the people maintained an extensive canoe trade in volcanic glass and other materials.

B

Tracing Cultural Exchange

From the earliest times, human societies have exchanged raw materials and manufactured items with their neighbors and even with people living in other areas. People have traveled particularly far for valued materials—such as the best toolmaking stones, metal ores, and seashells—or for artifacts not manufactured locally, perhaps mirrors or wrought metal tools. When archaeologists find known artifact types far from their place of origin, they can begin to piece together ancient patterns of trade. For example, Celtic tribes in central and western Europe imported wine in Greek vessels from Mediterranean lands sometime around 200 bc. Several archaeological studies have traced the extent of this trade by plotting the distribution of such vases along the Rhine and Rhone river valleys.

Increasingly, archaeologists are turning to techniques that allow them to trace the source of materials in ancient trade. For example, analyses by George Bass and Cemal Pulak of the copper ingots they recovered from the Uluburun shipwreck off southern Turkey showed that the copper came from mines in Cyprus. Numerous analyses of this type have revealed that trade assumed increasing importance over time during the ancient past, especially with the rise of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia after 3000 bc.

C

Explaining Cultural Change

Until the 1950s, archaeologists were concerned mainly with the study of artifacts and cultural sequences. However, the increased use of radiocarbon dating and of computers and other high-technology scientific methods in archaeology led to a major theoretical revolution in the 1960s. This new approach to archaeology placed a major emphasis on environmental reconstruction, the study of ancient ways of life, and the use of advanced analytical tools. Above all, researchers practicing this new form of archaeology stressed the importance of explaining how past cultures developed and changed. Because they were primarily interested in cultural process, these archaeologists came to be known as processual (process-oriented) archaeologists and their work as processual archaeology.

Processual archaeologists think of human cultures as systems that interact with their surrounding ecosystems—interdependent systems of plants, animals, landscapes, and the atmosphere (see Ecology: Ecosystems). Processual archaeologists collect large amounts of environmental data in order to understand these relationships. To processual archaeologists, major cultural developments, such as the origins of agriculture and civilization, are highly complicated sequences of events that involve a series of interacting and constantly changing factors. Many earlier archaeologists, by contrast, believed that such developments were the result of single causes, such as a change in weather patterns or an increase in human populations.

For example, British archaeologist Barry Kemp took a processual approach to explaining how ancient Egyptian chiefdoms became a single unified state. In 1989 Kemp suggested that a number of interacting developments gave rise to the unified state along the Nile River valley, which he dated to within a few centuries of 3000 bc. His analysis of Egyptian ceramics, religious art, and trade routes has shown that a variety of factors—including population growth, the development of new religious beliefs, and expanded trade—contributed to this important change.

X

RECENT TRENDS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Many archaeologists now support the processual approach to research and interpretation, but others have criticized it and developed new approaches. Critics say processual archaeology is too impersonal and too focused on scientific methods. Many archaeologists have begun to use their research to tell stories about the people of the past, and about how those people interacted with one another in large and small groups. These new approaches to interpretation are loosely called post-processual archaeology. This name covers many types of research, but all of it focuses on what people in the past did and thought from day to day.

Post-processual archaeologists seek to reconstruct past people’s beliefs and value systems. They believe that most archaeology has incorrectly presented societies as homogenous. Post-processual archaeology focuses on how past societies, like living ones, were made up of many smaller groups. Past societies comprised different types of families, ethnic groups, gender groups, age groups, and social classes. All of these groups interacted with one another, and this interaction drove much cultural change. For this reason, understanding the everyday lives of ordinary people has become as much of a concern for archaeologists as understanding the larger processes of cultural change and evolution.

A

The Archaeology of People

Post-processual archaeology’s focus on the lives of small, specific groups of people—especially those not well documented in historical records—relies on both meticulous excavation and careful analysis of often seemingly insignificant artifacts. For instance, in excavations in the 1980s of slave quarters on President Thomas Jefferson’s late-18th-century estate of Monticello in Virginia, American archaeologists William Kelso and Diana Grader found discarded animal bones of cows and pigs. The researchers determined that some of Jefferson’s slaves had higher status and ate good cuts of beef, while other, lower status slaves ate poorer cuts of pork.

Archaeologists in the United States have excavated thousands of African American residences from the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Excavated sites include buried neighborhoods once occupied by black residents in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and slave quarters on South Carolina plantations. In most of these excavations, distinctive clay vessels and other artifacts, as well as the structure and arrangement of houses, reveal an African American culture that had strong ties to its West African roots. Recent studies by American archaeologists have also examined the lives of textile workers in New England, Catholic missionaries in the desert Southwest, residents of Midwestern frontier forts, and Chinese fishing villagers in San Francisco, California.

Even recent eras in history lie buried under the streets and buildings of present-day cities and towns. Excavations under the streets of New York City, for example, have uncovered a hitherto undocumented 18th-century African American cemetery. Research in Annapolis, Maryland, has revealed a far more ethnically diverse population than many historical accounts suggest; multiple excavations around the port of Annapolis have recovered artifacts from many parts of the world.

Historical archaeologists studying small and diverse groups of people often check their interpretations of the past against written and even spoken accounts that have been passed down over generations. In some cases, historical accounts give archaeologists ideas about what to look for in excavations and clues to the meaning of what they find. In other instances, differences between the historical record and the archaeological record tell researchers much about what is hidden in or omitted from historical accounts.

B

Studying Gender Roles and Relations

The study of gender is a combination of many archaeological approaches. It involves processual perspectives, comparative observations from living societies, and new interpretations of the archaeological record. Many studies have focused on relationships between men and women, and on how gender roles developed and changed in the past.

An example of how archaeology can provide information about gender comes from Syrian farming villages of 8000 bc. Archaeologists know that women in these villages ground the grain because the knee bones of their skeletons show scars caused by the constant stress of kneeling and pushing on grinding stones. This relatively straightforward study is based on bone pathology. Other research into past gender roles and relations involves detailed analyses of such artifacts as potsherds and food remains found in people’s homes. For instance, Classic Maya figurines of males and females differ in style. Maya figurines of men are much more ornate than those of women, indicating that Maya women had relatively low status compared with Maya men. The plain, unadorned style of Maya female figurines persisted over time, which indicates to archaeologists that women had very fixed gender roles.

C

Protecting Cultural Heritage

The archaeological record is an exhaustible resource. For centuries, people have dug up the record with impunity, destroying it while plowing or mining, quarrying it for stone, or looting it for valuable treasures. Archaeologists themselves have, in the past, excavated thousands of sites with little concern for long-term conservation of the sites. Since World War II ended in 1945, the pace of destruction has accelerated due to a massive expansion of activities such as road building, transit and sewage system construction, and strip-mining. A thriving international trade in antiquities of all kinds has also fueled widespread destruction.

At the same time, archaeology has expanded dramatically. A century ago there were a handful of professional archaeologists throughout the world. Now there are thousands. The development of passenger jet airplanes and the growth of tourism have transported thousands of people around the world to visit archaeological treasures such as the pyramids in Egypt; the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; and the ruins of the ancient cities of Mesoamerica. Many sites are wearing down due to excessive visitation. Archaeologists have become increasingly concerned about the future of the past, and many have turned their attention to problems of conserving and managing the archaeological record.

Archaeologists today use the term cultural resource management (CRM) to refer to all efforts to preserve and repair damage to the record, and to repatriate artifacts and remains—that is, to return them to their rightful owners. A large part of CRM is concentrated on examining and modifying archaeological survey and excavation techniques. CRM also works toward conducting careful analyses in advance of activities such as road construction. CRM seeks to record and salvage sites that are in danger of being destroyed and to minimize the impact of modern disturbance, while managing archaeological resources for future generations. CRM now accounts for most U.S. archaeological research, but this effort still has not prevented the destruction of thousands of unidentified or uninvestigated sites.

Since the beginning of the 20th century and increasingly since the 1960s, both federal and state authorities in the United States have enacted antiquities and historic preservation legislation aimed at protecting the archaeological record. For instance, the U.S. Historic Preservation Act of 1966 set up a national framework for the preservation of historic sites, including archaeological sites. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 established a requirement to conduct archaeological surveys in response to proposed federal use of land and natural resources. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 also laid down stringent protections for archaeological sites over 100 years old. All of these acts are still in force. Countries throughout the world have passed similar legislation.

Recent legislation in some countries—such as Australia, Canada, and the United States—has also established the right of to exercise some control over the remains of their own pasts. For instance, the U.S. Native American Graves and Repatriation Act was passed in 1990. This act establishes the rights of Native Americans, whose ancestors occupied the lands of the Americas for thousands of years, to make decisions about excavations and the study, display, and storage of artifacts and remains. This legislation requires the return of human remains and sacred artifacts to living groups that have direct ancestral ties to the original owners. Native American groups may rebury repatriated items or dispose of them as they wish.

D

Applying Archaeology to Modern Problems

Present-day societies can learn much from their predecessors. Applied archaeology refers to archaeological research that is designed to have practical and educational significance for modern societies. In the highlands of Bolivia and Peru, for instance, archaeologists have reconstructed systems of elevated fields and canals that once allowed ancient farmers to grow potatoes without losing them to frost. Farmers in these regions today have learned to use this same technique with great success.

Since the 1960s, urban archaeologists have dug deep under modern cities such as London, Paris, and New York City, uncovering earlier cities that lie beneath streets and skyscrapers. These excavations help explain much about urban life today and also provide important information for city planning. For instance, they have provided information about the origins of social classes and the foundations of modern infrastructure, such as sewage systems.

American archaeologist William Rathje has taken urban archaeology a step further and excavated modern municipal garbage dumps in Tucson, Arizona, and many other U.S. cities. Rathje analyzes people’s trash to determine things about their income, class, race, age, and health status. His work has led to a better understanding of the consumption and waste patterns of our own society. It has also provided comparisons for gaining new insights on the historical archaeological record.

Through the study of human evolution, archaeology fosters an appreciation of our common ancestry. The discovery of thousands of unique cultures in the archaeological record also highlights the amazing scope of human diversity. Recent genetic research, in tandem with an accumulation of archaeological research, indicates that all people descended from a single human stock that originated in tropical Africa between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. Archaeology also documents the origins and development of diverse cultural patterns, the continuity of traditions, and the exchange of ideas and beliefs across cultures.

XI

THE FUTURE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeology was once a predominantly academic science that was conducted in universities and colleges; today, archaeology is increasingly becoming a profession. Until recently, becoming an archaeologist meant obtaining a doctoral degree and a university professorship or a position as a museum curator. Many archaeologists now earn master’s degrees and work for government agencies or for private environmental monitoring companies and organizations. In the future, archaeology will be more concerned with monitoring the archaeological record than with making sensational discoveries. The archaeologist’s main concern will be to preserve the world’s human cultural and biological heritage for future generations.

 

Critical Path Method (CPM)

 

 

Introduction to Network Analysis of Projects and CPM

The Critical Path Method (CPM) is one of several related techniques for doing project planning. CPM is for projects that are made up of a number of individual “activities.” If some of the activities require other activities to finish before they can start, then the project becomes a complex web of activities.

CPM can help you figure out:

• how long your complex project will take to complete
• which activities are “critical,” meaning that they have to be done on time or else the whole project will take longer

If you put in information about the cost of each activity, and how much it costs to speed up each activity, CPM can help you figure out:

• whether you should try to speed up the project, and, if so,
• what is the least costly way to speed up the project.

Activities

An activity is a specific task.  It gets something done.  An activity can have these properties:

• names of any other activities that have to be completed before this one can start
• a projected normal time duration

If you want to do a speedup cost analysis, you also have to know these things about each activity:

• a cost to complete
• a shorter time to complete on a crash basis
• the higher cost of completing it on a crash basis

CPM analysis starts after you have figured out all the individual activities in your project.

CPM Analysis Steps, By Example

This document describes the steps for doing CPM analysis for this course. The steps will be illustrated by two examples. I recommend that you work through the examples, so that you can follow the steps yourself when you do the homework.

Example 2 is especially valuable for you to work through. Excel has bugs that vary from version to version. By working through Example 2, and comparing what you get with what I got, you can find out which bugs apply to you and how to work around them when you do the assignment.

Example 1: Activities, precedence, and times

This first example involves activities, their precedence (which activities come before other activities), and the times the activities take. The objective is to identify the critical path and figure out how much time the whole project will take.

Example 1 Step 1: List the activities

CPM analysis starts when you have a table showing each activity in your project. For each activity, you need to know which other activities must be done before it starts, and how long the activity takes.

Here’s the example:  

Activity	Description	Required Predecessor	Duration
A	Product design	(None)	5 months
B	Market research	(None)	1
C	Production analysis	A	2
D	Product model	A	3
E	Sales brochure	A	2
F	Cost analysis	C	3
G	Product testing	D	4
H	Sales training	B, E	2
I	Pricing	H	1
J	Project report	F, G, I	1

 

Example 1 Step 2: Draw the diagram

Draw by hand a network diagram of the project that shows which activities follow which other ones. This can be tricky. The analysis method we’ll be using requires an “activity-on-arc” (AOA) diagram. An AOA diagram has numbered “nodes” that represent stages of project completion. You make up the nodes’ numbers as you construct the diagram. You connect the nodes with arrows or “arcs” that represent the activities that are listed in the above table.

Some conventions about how to draw these diagrams:

• All activities with no predecessor come off of node 1.
• All activities with no successor point to the last node, which has to have highest node number.

In this example, A and B are the two activities that have no precedessor.  They are represented as arrows leading away from node 1.

J is the one activity that has no successor, in this example. It therefore points to the last node, which is node 8. If there were more than one activity with successor, all of those activities’ arrows point to the highest number node.

Students sometimes make the mistake of creating a diagram with several starting or ending nodes. Don’t do this.

The trickiest part for me of building the above diagram was figuring what to do with activity H. I had drawn an arrow for activity B coming off node 1 and going to mode 3. I had later drawn an arrow for activity E coming off node 2 and going to node 6. Since H requires both B and E, I had to erase my first E arrow and redraw it so it pointed to the same node 3 that B did. H then comes off of node 3 and goes to node 6.

When designing these diagrams, work in pencil.

Example 1 Step 3: Set up the CPM spreadsheet

There are specialized commercial programs for doing CPM analysis. Rather than purchase and learn one of those, we’ll leverage the spreadsheet knowledge we already have. We will use one freeware program written for this course and made available to you through the Internet.

Start up a new blank spreadsheet. If you are viewing this document on the web, minimize your browser window and then start Excel. That way you can switch from one to the other by pressing Alt+Tab.

In a blank spreadsheet, type the word “Activities” in cell A1. In row 2, type the names of the activities, or their letters. (To make my spreadsheet screen shots fit better on these pages, I set the column widths to 4. You do not have to do this.)

In row 3, type “Nodes”. In row 4, type in each activity’s start node — where the tail of its arrow is. Below that, in row 5, type each activity’s end node — where the head of its arrow is. Do this carefully. Mistakes here mess up everything that follows.

To the right, in K2 and K3, type the words “Start” and “End” to label those rows.

In cell A6, type “Times”. In row 7, type the time each activity takes. Then, select the range of cells containing the node numbers and copy it to the clipboard.

Example 1 Step 4: Use Pathfind to get the paths

Pathfind is a computer program that helps you find and enter into the spreadsheet all of the possible paths through your diagram along the arrows from the first node to the last. You could do this by hand, of course. This diagram shows the four possible paths in this example. The four paths are A D G J, A C F J, A E H I J, and B H I J. We’ll code them in the spreadsheet with a matrix of 0’s and 1’s. Rather than do this all by hand, we’ll get Pathfind help do it.

To use Pathfind, start up your Internet connection and your browser (unless, of course, you are reading this document on the Internet already). Go to http://hspm.sph.sc.edu/Courses/J716/CPM/Pathfind.html

Loading this html file into your browser starts Pathfind, which is a Java applet that runs inside your browser. When Pathfind is loaded:

1. Click in Pathfind’s upper text area.
2. Paste the range you just copied from your spreadsheet into that upper text area.    (Click in the text area and press Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert.)
3. Click on Pathfind’s button. Pathfind’s lower text area will give you a block of numbers, all highlighted so you can copy them.
4. Copy the highlighted numbers to the clipboard for pasting later into your spreadsheet. (Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Insert copies what is highlighted.)

You can now close the Pathfind web page, if you wish.

Example 1 Step 5: Paste the path information into your spreadsheet

When you’re done with Pathfind, go back to your spreadsheet. Move your cell selector to cell A8. Type “Paths” in that cell. Then move the cell selector to A9, as shown here:

Paste to that cell, to see this:

The pasted cells are all 0’s and 1’s. Each row represents a path. The 1’s indicate which activities are in that particular path. For example, row 9 (cells A9:J9) has 1’s under activities A, C, F, and J. This says that this path includes activities A, C, F, and J. This corresponds to the path through the middle of the diagram that goes: 1 -A-> 2 -C-> 4 -F-> 7 -J-> 8.

The diagram above shows four paths from node 1 to node 8. Sure enough, Pathfind gives you four rows of 0’s and 1’s, one row for each path.

Example 1 Step 6: Calculate the paths’ times

Move the cell selector to K9. Type =SUMPRODUCT(A9:J9,$A$7:$J$7) in that cell. For Quattro Pro and Lotus, type @ instead of = . This formula multiplies each entry in row 9 by the corresponding entry in row 7. Because the entries in row 9 are all 0’s and 1’s, this has the effect of selecting the times from row 7 that go with the activities represented in row 7, and adding all those times.

When you enter the formula, the number 11 should appear in K9. That’s the time it would take to complete activities A, C, F, and J. You can verify that A takes 5 months, C takes 2, F takes 3, and J takes 1, for a total of 11.

(If you are doing a CPM problem of your own, modify the formula so that the ranges cover the columns you actually have. This advice applies to all the formulas which follow.)

To fill in the other paths’ times, copy cell K9, then paste it to K9:K12. The $ signs in the formula see to it that each path’s 1’s are multiplied by the corresponding numbers in row 7.

Example 1 Step 7: Identify the critical path

The critical path is the path that takes the longest. In this example, the critical path is the one in row 10, which takes 13 months. The project will therefore take 13 months, if everything is done on schedule with no delays. The time a project takes is equal to the time of its critical path.

The 1’s in row 10 tell us that the critical path is 1 -A-> 2 -D-> 4 -G-> 7 -J-> 8. As managers, we must be sure that activities A, D, G, and J are done on time. If any of those activities is late, the project will be late.

Other paths are not critical because they can waste some time without slowing the project. For example, activity C, in row 9’s path, can take up to two extra months and not hold up the project.

To make it easier to see what activities are in each path, go to cell A14. Type =if(A9=1,A$2,"") there. The letter A should appear in cell A14.  

This =if(A9=1,A$2,"") function works this way: Inside the parentheses are three expressions separated by commas. The first expression (A9=1) is something that can be either true or false. If the expression is true, the second expression (A$2) is shown in the cell. Otherwise, the third expression (“”) is shown in the cell.

In A14, the expression A9=1 is true, so the cell shows what is in A2, which is the letter “A”. If A9 had not contained a 1, the A14 would have shown a blank, which is what “” means.

Copy A14 to the clipboard. Then, starting in A14, select a range of cells that goes over to column J and down four rows. The selected range should be the same size as the space that the paths’ 1’s and 0’s take up.

Paste. You should get this:

Now you can see which activities are in each path. If your results do not look like the above, make sure that there is one $ in your formula, and that it’s in front of the 2 and not in front of the A.

Go to cell J13 and type “Max”. Then go to cell K13. Type =MAX(K9:K12) to display the longest path time.

Move to cell K14 and type =IF(K9=K$13,"Critical","") there. This will put the word “Critical” next to a path whose time equals the maximum of all the path times. Otherwise, it will put in a blank, as it does here, because the 11 in K9 does not equal the 13 in K13.

Copy K14 to the clipboard. (It will seem strange to copy what appears to be an empty cell, but do it anyway.) Select cells K14 to K17, and paste.

You’re done! You’ve found the time the project will take, and you have identified the critical path, which tells you which activities must be done on time to make the project finish in the least time.

Take a moment to admire your work before plunging in to Example 2.

Example 2: Costs and Crash Costs

This second example incorporates costs and the possibility of spending money to speed up the project.  Our objective is to determine how quickly we should complete each activity, and thus the how long the project as a whole should take.  The presumption is that there is some reward for getting finished sooner.  We must decide whether the reward is worth earning, and, if so, what is the best way to earn it. 
This example also shows how to use a dummy activity.  A dummy activity is an activity that you add to the original activities list.  A dummy activity takes no time, and it has no cost.  You’ll learn why you sometimes need such a thing in a CPM model.

Example 2 Step 1: List the activities

Activity	Required Predecessor	Normal Time	Normal Cost	Crash Time	Crash Cost
A	(None)	3 weeks	$3000	2 weeks	$5000
B	(None)	4	$4000	2	$6000
C	(None)	5	$5000	3	$8000
D	A	8	$5000	6	$6000
E	A,B	3	$3000	2	$4000
F	C	5	$4000	3	$8000

Example 2 Step 2: Draw the diagram

To start the network diagram, we notice that A, B, and C are the three activities with no  predecessor.  They all come off of node 1.  A can go node 1 to node 2. B can go from node 1 to node 3. C also starts at node 1. D requires A, so D starts at node 2. Here’s what we have so far:

Now for activity E.  Activity E requires a special trick.  The problem is where E should start. E requires A and B. A ends at node 2 and B ends at node 3. E is not allowed to start from both nodes 2 and 3. Activities can have only one start node and only one end node.

What do we do about E? You might consider connecting both A and B to node 2, but that would mess up Activity D.   If both A and B were to run from node 1 to node 2 and D came off of node 2, that would be saying that D requires B as well as A.  D is supposed to require A, not also B.

Here is the solution:

The solution is to add a dummy activity that runs from node 2 to node 3, as shown in the diagram.  Then start E at node 3.  

If E starts at node 3, it means that E requires B  and the dummy activity, the two activities that come in to node 3.   The dummy activity, because it starts at node 2, requires A.  This makes E require B and A.  That is what we want!  Meantime, D starts at node 2, so D only requires A. All the requirements are satisfied!

Dummies activities add nothing to the time or the cost.  Their purpose is to allow you to represent complex relationships among activities.

Example 2 Step 3: Set up the CPM spreadsheet

This time we have 7 activities. That’s the six lettered activities plus the one dummy activity, which we’ll call Dummy.

These instructions will create the spreadsheet from scratch. Adapting the spreadsheet from example 1 is possible, but tricky, because example 2 has fewer columns and more rows than example 1.

If you start with a blank spreadsheet, move the cell selector to A1 and type “Activities”. In row 2, type the activities’ letters or names. Put the Dummy at the right end of row 2, for two reasons:

1. The other activities’ names match will their column letters.
2. It will be easier to fill in the Solver Parameters box when we get to that stage.

In cell A3, type “Nodes”. In row 4, type in the activities’ start nodes. In row 5, type in the activities’ end nodes.

Type “Times” in cell A6. In row 7, type each activity’s normal time. The dummy’s time is 0. In row 8, type each activity’s crash time. The dummy’s crash time is 0.

Copy row 7 and paste it into row 9. Row 9 will be the variable cells when we do the optimization later. Be sure to copy the numbers themselves from row 7 to row 9. Don’t put a formula like =A7 in A9.

Label each of the Times rows by typing “Normal” in H7, “Crash” in H8, and “Actual” in H9. (Note: When you do the homework, your number of columns will be different. These labels go in the column to the right of the last activity’s information. Whatever column that is, use its letter in place of “H” in all the following instructions and formulas.)

When we do the optimization, we’ll set a maximum time for the project and tell the spreadsheet to find the combination of numbers in row 9 that completes the project within that time for the lowest possible cost.

To do that, we need the costs. In cell A10, type “Costs”. In row 11, put each activity’s normal cost. In H11, type “Normal”. In row 12, put each activity’s crash cost. In H12, type “Crash”. In H13, type “Actual”. Type “0” in G13 for the Dummy’s actual cost. (When you do the homework, your column letters will differ.) The diagram above also shows a formula we’ll put in A13.

Row 13 will have formulas to calculate the actual cost for each activity. Each activity’s actual cost depends on how much it is sped up, or “crashed.” We assume a linear relationship between speed-up and cost. So, for example, if Activity A can be shortened by 2 weeks at an added cost of $2000, we assume that it can be shortened by 1 week for an added cost of $1000.

The formula to implement this goes first A13.  Here it is: =A11+(A7-A9)/(A7-A8)*(A12-A11)

If you are viewing this in a web browser, you can select and copy the above formula right off of the screen. Then paste it into cell A13 of your spreadsheet.

The logic of the formula:

(A7-A9) is the difference between the normal time and the actual time we use for activity A. This difference is how much time we are saving by speeding up activity A.

(A7-A8) is the difference between the normal time and the crash time. This is the most time we could save by speeding up activity A.

(A7-A9)/(A7-A8) is how much time we are actually saving, as a fraction of how much time we could save, for activity A.  In other words, it is the proportion of the possible time savings that we are actually using.

(A12-A11) is the difference between the crash cost and the normal cost for activity A. This difference is how much cost would go up if we shortened activity A’s time as much as possible. Multiplying these, to get (A7-A9)/(A7-A8)*(A12-A11), tells us additional cost we are incurring by shortening activity A’s time from its normal time to the actual time we chose. This embodies the linearity assumption — that if we go part way between the normal time and the crash time, our cost will be that same part way between the normal cost and the crash cost. The full formula, A11+(A7-A9)/(A7-A8)*(A12-A11), adds that additional cost to A11, the cost of doing the activity in normal time.  This gives us the cost of doing activity A in the amount of time in A9.

Don’t paste the formula to cell G13, because that would give you a division-by-zero error.  Similarly, if any of your other activities cannot be sped up (the crash time equals the normal time), put the normal cost number in the cell in row 13, not the formula.

Thank you, Dawid from Poland, for writing me about this.

Once that formula is in, copy cell A13 to the clipboard. Select cells A13:F13, and paste.

Right now, it may look like the formula isn’t doing much, because the Actual costs match the Normal costs.   This is because the Actual times match the Normal times.  Later, when we shorten the project, this will change.

Now, select the range of node numbers, being sure to include the dummy activity’s node numbers. Copy this range to the clipboard.

Example 2 Step 4: Use Pathfind to get the paths

Go to http://hspm.sph.sc.edu/Courses/J716/CPM/Pathfind.html and paste in the node numbers you just copied. Follow Pathfind’s instructions for copying its reply.

Example 2 Step 5: Paste the path information into your spreadsheet

Go back to your spreadsheet. In cell A14, type “Paths”. Then move your cell selector to A15, as shown here:

Paste to that cell, to see this:

As with the first example, each row represents a path. The 1’s indicate which activities are in that particular path. For example, row 15 has 1’s under activities A and D. This represents the path 1 -A-> 2 -D-> 5 at the top of the diagram. There are four possible paths from node 1 to node 5, so you have four rows of 0’s and 1’s.

Example 2 Step 6: Calculate the paths’ times

In cell H15, put =SUMPRODUCT(A15:G15,$A$9:$G$9) . (When you do the homework, your ending column letter may differ. You want this formula to cover all of the activities.)

Copy that cell and paste it to H15:H18. (When you do the homework, you will paste to a different range of cells.  You will have a different number of actvities and a different number of paths.)

We can now see how long each path takes.

Example 2 Step 7: Identify the critical path

The critical path is in row 15, 1 -A-> 2 -D-> 5. It’s the path with the longest time.

To make it easier to see which activities are in each path, go to cell A20 and type =if(A15=1,A$2,"") (Notice that the $ sign is before the 2, not before the A.) This should put an “A” in A20.

Copy cell A20 to the clipboard. Select the range A20:G23. Paste.

You now should have four rows showing the letters of the activities that are in each path.

Go back up to cell G19 and type “Max”. Go to cell H19 and type =max(H15:H18) This shows how long the slowest path takes.

Go down to cell H20. Put in =IF(H15=H$19,"Critical",""). In this example, “Critical” appears in cell H15, because this first path is the critical path. (In your homework, if the first path does not happen to be critical, this cell will appear blank.)

Copy cell H20. Highlight H20:H23. Paste.

Sure enough, the first path with activities A and D, is the only one labelled “Critical”.

Example 2 Step 8: Total cost formula

Go up to cell E14 and type “Total actual cost:”. (In your spreadsheet, you may be able to use F14. The idea is to leave enough room so that this label does not spill over into the H column.) In cell H14, add up the actual costs of all of the activities. The formula is =SUM(A13:G13)

When you complete the formula, you’ll see that if we use all normal times for all activities, the total cost is $24,000.

Example 2 Step 9: Fill in the optimizer form

Crash analysis is linear programming in disguise. To perform crash analysis, we use the Solver tool. From Excel‘s menu, select Tools, then Solver.

Fill in the Solver Parameters box as shown here. (For the homework, modify the formulas so they cover the rows and columns that you have.)

• The Target Cell is H14, the total cost.
• Click on Min. Very important and easy to overlook. We want to find the least-cost way to speed up the project.
• The Changing Cells are the Actual times, in A9:G9.
• The constraints, which you add by clicking the Add button, are:
  • A9:G9 <= A7:G7 All the Actual times must be less than or equal to the Normal times. We assume that we don’t save any money by going slower than the Normal time. (Notice again that these formulas exclude the Dummy.)
  • A9:G9 >= A8:G8 All the Actual times must be greater than or equal to the crash times. The crash times are, by definition, the fastest possible times for each activity.
  • H15:H18 <= 10 The slowest path can take no more than 10 weeks. 10 is chosen because it’s one less than 11, the normal completion time. Later, you can change this to 9, 8, etc., to see what happens when you try to finish the project in shorter and shorter times.

If you are using Excel 2000 or earlier, click on Options. Click the checkbox for assuming a linear model. Excel 2007 and 2003 do not need this, but Excel 2000 seems to. If you do not check this box, Excel 2000 may tell you at some point that there is not a feasible solution when actually there is one. Some older Excel versions, though, give wrong answers if you check this box. For older versions of Excel, my advice is to first try telling it that this is a linear model, as shown here, and see what happens when you Solve. If it won’t give you a solution, uncheck the linear model checkbox and solve again.

Example 2 Step 10: Solve

Click on OK in the Solver Options dialog box. Click on Solve in the Solver Parameters dialog box.

If an error message appears, bring back up the Solver Parameters dialog box.  

• Make sure that Min is checked. A mistake here can cause an “unbounded solution” error.
• Verify that the target cell and the changing cells are correct.
• Verify that all the constraints are correct, with greater-thans and less-thans going in the right directions. Mistakes here can cause “unbounded solution,” “non-linear,” and “no feasible solution” errors.
• If tried all of those, without avail, you can try the following, which are workarounds for bugs in some versions of Excel.

  If you get a message that there is no feasible solution, try changing the Assume Linear Model option.  That is, click Solver’s Options button, then check Assume Linear Model if it’s unchecked, or uncheck it if it’s checked.

  If you still get the no-feasible-solution message, change the Solver Parameters as shown here to exclude the dummy activity from the Changing Cells and the Constraints. The ranges for the Changing Cells and the Constraints stop at column F. Column G has the dummy activity. Excel 2000 and later should not require this modification. Please
  let me know if you have to resort to this. 

If everything is correct, a dialog box will ask you what reports you want.  You can request whatever reports if you like, but I won’t do anything with them here. The result should be:

To get finished in 10 weeks (H19 now has 10), we’ll have to spend $24,500 (H14 now has 24500).

As manager, you’ll be busier. You now have two critical paths to worry about, 1 -A-> 2 -D-> 5, and 1 -C-> 4 -F-> 5. If any of the four activites in those paths is late, the project will take more than 10 weeks.

Let’s add three more rows, to make it easier to see which activities have speeded up and at what extra cost:

Go to cell A24 and type “Crashed by how much” Then go to A25 and put =A7-A9 there. This is the Actual time minus the Normal time. Go to cell A26. Type in =A13-A11. This is the difference between the current Actual cost and the Normal cost. Select A25:A26. Copy to the clipboard. Select A25:F25, and paste.

We see that Activity D has been shortened by 1 week, at an extra cost of $500.

Example 2 Step 11: Economic Analysis

Let’s make up an economic problem to solve. Imagine that the Example 2 project is being done on a contract, with a scheduled completion time of 8 weeks. There is a $2500 per week penalty for being late. There is also a $1000 per week bonus for being early. Our objective is to find the best (least cost) schedule for the project. Does it pay to be on time, or are we better off paying some penalty? It is worth it to go for the bonus?

Here are our results so far.  An explanation follows:

Weeks	Project cost	Penalty cost	Total cost
11	$24,000	$7,500	$31,500
10	24,500	5,000	29,500

If we use normal times, the project takes 11 weeks, which runs over the schedule by 3 weeks. We lose $7500 in penalties. The total project cost is $24,000 + $7,500 = $31,500.

If we crash by 1 week, the project takes 10 weeks. Our penalty cost is $5,000. Direct project cost is $24,500, as we just saw. The total is $29,500. This is less than $31,500, so ten weeks is better than eleven weeks.

To try getting done in 9 weeks, go back to the Solver (step 9). Change the H15:H18 <= 10 constraint to H15:H18 <= 9. Solve. The cost rises to $26,500. The penalty for being one week late is $2,500. Total cost is $26,500 + $2,500 = $29,000. This is less than $29,500, so nine weeks is better than ten weeks.

Weeks	Project cost	Penalty cost	Total cost
11	$24,000	$7,500	$31,500
10	24,500	5,000	29,500
9	26,500	2,500	29,000

Notice that cutting the second week added more to cost (second column) than cutting the first week. Cutting one week increased project cost by $500. Cutting the second week increased project cost by $2000, from $24,500 to $26,500. The law of diminishing returns is at work here.

Should we save three weeks and be on time? To try getting done in 8 weeks, go back to the Solver. Change the H15:H18 <= 9 constraint to H15:H18 <= 8. Solve. You should find that the cost is $30,000. There is no penalty, but $30,000 is more than $29,500, so we lose money by being on time. We are better off being one week late and paying the penalty.

What about saving four weeks and being early? Thanks to the law of diminishing returns, we don’t need to consider shorter project durations than 8 weeks. Going from 9 weeks to 8 added $3,500 to cost. The law of diminishing returns implies that going from 8 weeks to 7 will add at least $3,500 more to cost. That is more than the $1000 bonus, so we know 7 weeks is a loser.

If the bonus is linear (in other words, if we get the same bonus for each additional week that we are early) then the law of diminishing returns implies that we can stop our analysis as soon as the total cost, including the bonus, starts to rise.

Here is the whole table. The bonus for being early is treated as a negative penalty.  

Weeks	Project cost	Penalty cost	Total cost
11	$24,000	$7,500	$31,500
10	24,500	5,000	29,500
9	26,500	2,500	29,000
8	30,000	0	30,000
7	Don’t bother	-1000	will be higher

 

We conclude that our optimal production schedule is 9 weeks.  It has the least total cost.

CPM Steps Summary

CPM helps you identify a complex project’s critical paths. You can find how long a project will take and which activities must be on time. If you also have information about costs and crash costs and times, CPM helps you determine how long the project should take, and which activities should be sped up (“crashed”). As we are doing it in this class, the steps are:

1. Have a list of the activities.
2. Draw the network diagram.
3. Put activity names, node numbers, times, and costs in a spreadsheet.
4. Use Pathfind to generate code for the paths.
5. Put the path information into the spreadsheet.
6. Calculate the paths’ times.
7. Identify the critical paths, and the activities in each path.
8. Set up the formula to calculate the project’s total cost.
9. Fill in the Tools | Solver… form.
10. Solve, and fix errors, if any.
11. For an economic analysis, change the maximum time constraint and solve again. Repeat until costs, including penalties and bonuses, start to go up.

Assignment 12

Activity	Required Predecessor	Normal Time	Normal Cost	Crash Time	Crash Cost
A	(None)	8	$4000	6	$6000
B	(None)	5	1500	4	2000
C	(None)	6	2500	4	3000
D	A	4	1800	3	2000
E	A, B	6	1000	5	1200
F	C	7	2000	5	3000
G	A	5	3000	3	6000
H	D, E, F	8	4500	5	9000
I	C	9	6000	4	10000
J	D, E, F	6	6000	4	8000
K	G, H	4	2000	3	2600
L	D, E, F	6	3000	3	9000
M	I, J	4	8000	2	12000

The scheduled completion time is 25 weeks. You must pay a $1500 penalty for every week you are late. You get a $1000 bonus for every week you are early.

1. Show your network diagram.

2. Find the normal completion time and the critical path.

3. Determine the schedule that minimizes your total cost for this project, including any penalty or bonus.

a. How did you decide when to stop trying shorter and shorter completion times? b. How many weeks total should the project take? c. What will your total cost be? d. Which activities will be shortened from their normal times, and by how much? e. Which activities are critical to the least cost schedule?

 

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    Hayat Ali Shah

    November 24, 2013

     

    Kya kabhi Aisa hua hai ki ap akele baithe ho aur Apke Face pe Smile aaa jaye..?

    Asked by Sumit Soni

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1. Ants never s…

1. Ants never sleep!
2. When the moon is directly overhead, you will weigh slightly less.
3. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never called his wife or mother; because they were both deaf.
4. An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.
5. “I Am” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.
6. Babies are born without knee caps – actually, they’re made of cartilage and the bone hardens, between the ages of 2-6 years.
7. Happy Birthday (the song) is copyrighted.
8. Butterflies taste with their feet.
9. A “jiffy”, is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second.
10. It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
11. Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors.
12. Minus 40° Celsius, is exactly the same as minus 40° Fahrenheit.
13. No word in the English language, rhymes with month – orange – silver -or- purple.
14. Shakespeare invented the words “assassination”and “bump”.
15. Stewardesses is the longest word typed with only the left hand.
16. Elephants are the only animals that cannot jump.
17. The names of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with.
18. The sentence, “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog”
uses every letter in the English language.
19. The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar and England in 1896. Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes.
20. The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue

unless we respect the personal aspirations of each one of us like the saying that my nose ends where your begins we may not be adequately appropriate human beings ❤

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Are you losing your libido?

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What is loss of libido?

What is loss of libido?

What is loss of libido?
Myths about ageing
Relationships and maintaining sexual interest
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Non stimulating stimulants
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Be happy, don’t lose perspective

By Richard Bevan-Rex Features-Dr Bracey believes the problem of libido loss is often confused with impotence. ‘Erectile dysfunction is due to either psychological or physiological problems, whereas loss of libido is really a lack of interest in sexual activity. It’s the same with a lack of interest in eating. No matter how fantastic a meal may be you just wouldn’t be interested’. There is a big difference between loss of interest and not physically being able to manage something. ‘When it comes to libido taking a plunge it can happen to a man regardless of age. It’s a scenario often brought about through circumstance rather than the fact that the penis is ceasing to respond’ Less

1

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HAZARA     REGION

MALAKAND    AND  SWAT     REGION

DIR AND    CHITRAL     REGION

         HAZARA REGION

The region of Hazara is like a door to heaven, opening up to visitors a world replete  with natural beauty. It was a favourite gateway from the plains into Kashmir during  Mughal, Durrani and Sikh rules. It is a large area some 10,000 sq. km. The world famous  Karakoram Highway starts from Havelian, a town in this region at a distance of 101 km from  Islamabad. The mighty “Lion River” Indus or Abasin flows through the entire  length of Hazara. It is strategically located between the Northern Areas, Azad Kashmir,  Punjab and the rest of the North West Frontier Province. Hill stations collectively known  as the Gallis and the Kaghan valley are the best known parts of Hazara. Pakistani and  foreign tourists throng its cool and serene valleys during sizzling summer.

                        A panoramic view of Haripur                                          Abbottabad

HARIPUR   Located at 81 km from Islamabad on Hasan Abdal-Abbottabad road, Haripur was founded in  1822 by Hari Singh, a general of Ranjit Singh’s army. He was the Governor of Hazara in  1822-23. A fort built by the Sikhs called Harikishan Garh is at present being used as a  police station. There is also a British cemetery. TARBELA DAM   About 94 km from Islamabad, west of Haripur is the world’s largest earth-filled dam. It  was constructed to tame the mighty Indus at Tarbela. It is one of Pakistan’s geotechnical  wonders. It has the largest electricity generating power in the world and its two  spillways are also the biggest in the world. The dam is really immense and very impressive  to visit especially in late summer. It is an excellent spot for a day trip. ABBOTTABAD   Abbottabad is named after its founder James Abbot, Hazara’s first British Deputy  Commissioner. It is at a distance of 121 km from Islamabad via Hasan Abdal. It is 1220  meters above sea level and is situated at the crossroads of most of the areas of tourist  interest in Pakistan like Nathiagali, Murree, Thandiani, Kaghan valley, Swat valley,  Skardu, Gilgit and Khunjrab. Taxila, one of the most important archaeological treasures of  the subcontinent is not very far from here. There are two hills towering above Abbottabad,  Shimla Peak and Sarban Peak. There are very fine panoramic views of the town and its  surroundings from Shimla Peak. The famous Pakistan Military Academy is on the hill to the  north-east side of the town. Shimla Park located on a nearby hill with a pine forest is  well worth a visit. Abbottabad has still a very British air with its European style  bungalows, the club, the church and the cemetery.

    Thandiani                                                                   NathiaGali

THANDIANI   Thandiani means “cold” in the local language. Therefore being a cool place it  got the name of “Thandiani”. It is 2700 meters above sea level on a small  plateau surrounded by pine forests. This beautiful spot can easily be approached from  Abbottabad, which is 24 km away. It is totally unspoiled and has the loveliest of views of  all the hill stations of Pakistan. The scenery here is breathtaking and superb. NATHIAGALI   Nathiagali clad in pine, walnut, oak and maple trees, is the prettiest hill resort in the  Galiyat region. It can be approached both from Murree and Abbottabad. It is 34 km from  Abbottabad as well as from Murree. Nathiagali is 2501 meters above sea level and is  surrounded by lush green lofty mountains. The British tried to create a little England  here with its small timbered churches, parks, bungalows and the Governor’s House.  Breathtaking landscapes, spring water and fresh air make it one of the most peaceful hill  stations in Pakistan. DUNGAGALI   This beautiful tourist resort is situated on the slopes of Mukshpuri Hills. The hills are  wooded and present a beautiful view. Behind.Dungagali stands Mukshpuri, one of the highest  peaks in the area (2800 m). AYUBIA   A cluster of four small hill stations of Khanaspur, Khairagali, Changlagali and Ghora  Dhaka is called Ayubia and was named after President Ayub Khan who belonged to Haripur  district of Hazara. The complex is spread over an area of 26 km. The central place of  Ghora Dhaka has a chairlift, which gives a panoramic and mesmerizing view of the  surroundings.

          DungaGali                                                               Ayubia

MANSEHRA   Mansehra is named after Man Singh, its Governor General under Ranjit Singh. This town is  at a distance of 24 km to the north of Abbottabad. It has a very lively bazaar. The major  tourist attraction of Mansehra are the three granite boulders on which edicts of Ashoka  the Great have been inscribed. This great Mauryan king ruled this area in the  3rd  century BC. After his conversion to Buddhism he tried to dictate a new morality based on  piety, moderation, tolerance and respect for life. KAGHAN VALLEY   Out of the numerous beautiful valleys of Hazara, Kaghan is the most attractive of all. A  holiday retreat with alluring scenic beauty, the Kaghan valley is about 160 km long and  between two to four thousand meters above sea level at various places. Towering peaks of  Himalayan Range, glaciers, water falls and crystal clear water of the lakes are still in a  pristine state and make the valley an unspoiled paradise. Kunhar river with plenty of  trout fish flows through the valley and has the villages of Balakot, Kaghan, Naran on its  banks. The nomads take their flocks of cattle to the high pastures of the Kaghan valley in  spring and bring them down again in autumn. Their women are colourfully dressed.

                Kaghan Valley                                                            Balakot

BALAKOT   Balakot is the gateway to Kaghan valley. Balakot itself is 72 km from Abbottabad. This  beautiful small town is located on the banks of Kunhar river. Journey from Abbottabad to  Balakot is a charming experience. The road passes through beautiful green hills and thick  forests. The views are spectacular especially between Attarshisha and Garhi Habibullah. A  famous battle was fought here between the Sikh Army and Mujahideen in 1831. The Mujahideen  leaders, Hazrat Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Hazrat Shah Ismail Shaheed lie buried here along  with other martyrs. SHOGRAN   Shogran, one of, the most beautiful plateaus in the whole area is situated at a distance  of 33 km from Balakot via Kawai. From there a jeep track leads to this tranquil summer  retreat of superb climate and spectacular views. The air is impregnated with the scent of  flowers and the pine forest around. It is at an altitude of 2326 m and mighty peaks of  Himalayan Ranges such as Musa ka Masalla (4419 m) and Malika Parbat (5290 m) are visible  from here.

Shogran

SHINU   Shinu, just beyond Paras is known for its trout hatchery of the Fisheries Department. It  is from this hatchery that brown trout and rainbow trout are stocked into the upper Kunhar  river and the lakes Saiful Muluk, Lulusar and Dodiputsar. JARED   Just beyond Shinu, Jared is a small village, about 40 km from Balakot. It has a state run  Handicrafts Development Centre. Articles produced at Jared include traditionally carved  furniture, hand-made woollen shawls and namda rugs which are famous throughout the Kaghan  valley. NARAN   About 86 km from Balakot lies Naran, the main attraction of the Kaghan valley. This town  is situated on the banks of Kunhar river at an altitude of 2498 m at a point where the  valley widens. The river is wider and quieter here. There is a very good view downstream,  with some tree-covered islands in the foreground. It is a starting point for lake Salful  Muluk, Battakundi, Lalazar Plateau, lake Lulusar and Babusar Pass. Outstanding attraction  of Naran is its air of peace and serenity.

               Naran                                                               Saiful Maluk Lake

LAKE SAIFUL MULUK   It is situated at a distance of 10 km from Naran at an altitude of 3500 m. It provides an  excellent view of the 5290 m high Malika Parbat (Queen of the Mountains). The lake and its  surroundings have a touch of unreal about them and are breathtakingly lovely. There is a  charming legend about a prince called Saiful Muluk who fell in love with a fairy of the  lake. The lake is named after the prince. The best way to reach the lake is to walk but  you may also take a pony or a jeep. BABUSAR PASS   Babusar Pass is at a distance of 80 km from Naran. It is on the way to the pass that the  Kaghan valley’s scenery becomes most dramatic. Battakundi is at a distance of 16 km from  Naran and provides access to Lalazar Plateau, lake Dodiputsar and lake Lulusar which is  the biggest natural lake in Hazara and the source of Kunhar river. From Babusar Top mighty  Nanga Parbat (8126 m) can be seen on a clear day. WHEN TO VISIT   Climate in Hazara region is generally mild. Abbottabad is neither too hot in summer nor  too cold in winter. Nathiagali, Dungagali and Ayubia are pleasantly cool with maximum  temperature of 10’C and minimum of 0’C in summer and very cold in winter with snowfall in  December, January and February. They are, however, accessible throughout the year.  Thandiani is sometimes closed to traffic in January, February due to heavy snowfall.  Kaghan valley is open from mid-May to mid-October but Babusar Pass is open only for six  weeks in summer (July-August). HOW TO GET THERE   Hazara region is easily accessible from everywhere in Pakistan. At a distance of 8 km from  Haripur lies Havelian which is a railhead and links the region with rest of the country.  Abbottabad is only 15 km away and deluxe bus services operate between this city and  Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Lahore. There are paved roads from Abbottabad to Thandiani.  Nathiagali, Ayubia, Mansehra, Thakot and Kaghan village. Road up to Naran is graveled but  beyond Naran to all directions, there are only jeep tracks. WHAT TO DO   Fishing is the main activity in Kaghan valley. You can fish for brown trout and rainbow  trout in the crystal clear water of the lakes of the valley and in the Kunhar river.  Fishing permit can be obtained from the Fisheries Department at Shinu or Naran. Mountain  climbing, trekking and pony riding are other favourite activities one can indulge in. WHAT TO BUY   Embroidered woolen garments, carved furniture of walnut wood and namda rugs are the  specialties of Hazara.

      MALAKAND AND SWAT REGION

The Malakand division of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan covers one third  of the total area of the Province. The region is further divided into Chitral, Dir, Swat,  Buner, Shangla Districts and Malakand Agency. It’s distinctive features make the area a  “Tourist’s Heaven”. MALAKAND   While travelling from Mardan towards Swat, one comes across the town of Dargai, from where  a road leads to the top of a pass in the mountains, which is known as the Malakand Pass. A  town by the same name is situated at the summit about 53 km away from Mardan. The British  had to fight a fierce battle against the Pathans, on their way to Chitral. A British  cemetery is also located in the bazaar near the road. A Hydel-power house is also built at  Malakand. A forest around Malakand gives a very refreshing view. Malakand is a fertile  valley surrounded by hills moderately cold in winter and pleasant in summer. An excellent  road extends from the main Malakand Highway to Swat.

         Malakand Pass                                                                   Butkara Buddhist Stupa

NIMOGRAM BUDDHIST STUPAS   While travelling from Chakdara towards Saidu Sharif, one reaches Landakai. About 7 km from  here, a road leads towards Nimogram, which is further 21 km away. A Buddhist monastery is  situated here on the top of a hillock, giving an overall view of the area. There are three  main stupas, surrounded by a number of small votive stupas. Dressed stones have been used  in the construction and bear similarity to Andan Dheri monastery. SHINGARDARA STUPA   About three kilometres from Barikot, one gets a glance of a magnificent Buddhist stupa on  the right side. This stupa is perhaps the only one, whose dome is complete. The period of  its construction is estimated between third and fourth centuries AD. Just about one and a  half km away from this stupa, one can see large figures of Buddha carved on the rock. MINGORA   Mingora has been an important trading centre for the last 2000 years. The bazaars are  interesting to explore for semi precious stones, hand-woven and embroiled clothes, shawls,  bedsheets, woodwork, tribal jewelry and antiques of different kinds. The hills having the  world famous “Emerald Mines” are located to the north of the town. SAIDU SHARIF   Saidu Sharif and Mingora are twin cities. Saidu Sharif has several government buildings,  the Swat Museum, the Tomb of Akund of Swat and the archaeological remains of the Butkara  Buddhist Stupa.

              Shingardara Stupa                         Swat Museum                        Gandhara Art

SWAT MUSEUM   This museum is situated between Mingora and Saidu Sharif. The archaeological finds belong  to Gandhara Buddhist art of Swat. The samples of local embroidery, jewelry and carved wood  objects are on display. MARGHZAR   Marghzar is a small town situated at the foot of Mount Ilam about 13 krn away from Saidu  Sharlf. It is famous for its White Marble Palace, built by the Wali-e-Swat in early  1940’s. The palace now serves as a hotel. While going towards Marghzar, a road turns to  Islam Pur, which is famous for its woodwork, shawls and blankets. MALAM JABA   Malam Jaba is the most promising hill resort of Swat and is being developed rapidly.  Arnoderr four star hotel and a chairlift have already been constructed there but not yet  operational. A mini golf course and ski run are also part of the complex situated about  2743m above sea level. It presents a beautiful view of snow-clad mountains, forested  valleys and wildlife.

       Malamjaba                                                                   Bahrain

MIANDAM   This is one of the upcoming hill resorts, about 56 km away from Saidu Sharif. The  surrounding area.offers natural beauty, with forests, orchards, mountains and streams  which can be enjoyed by hiking. MADYAN   Madyan is a tourist resort on the banks of Swat river. It is 1312 m above sea level. The  town is famous for handicraft, embroidery and antique shops. A trout hatchery is also  located here. Many beautiful side valleys can be approached from here. The distance of  Madyan is 56 km from Saidu Sharif. BAHRAIN   The town of Bahrain is situated 66 km from Saidu Sharif and is 10km from Madyan. It is  another popular riverside resort, with bazaars worth exploring for their handicrafts. The  surrounding area has beautiful valleys and is suitable for hiking. The mosques and  buildings are worth seeing for wooden carved pillars and other fixtures. KALAM   Kalam is the main town of Swat Kohistan. It is about 40 km north of Bahrain. Kalam is  inhabited by Kohistanis having their own language and customs. Beautiful valleys of Ushu  (2286 m), Utrot (2225 m) and Gabral (2550 m) are accessible from here through thick pine  forests. The 6257 m high snow capped Falaksair Peak is clearly visible from Matiltan (3000  m). Lake Mahodand is about 23 km beyond Matiltan valley. The rivers offer good chances for  trout fishing.

      Kalam Valley                                       Mahodand                                       Utorot

AMBELA PASS   The famous Ambela Pass, situated in Buner, can easily be approached from Mardan via  Shabbaz Garhi and Rustam. It is about 50 km away from Mardan. The British fought a very  tough battle here against Yusufzai Afghan lashkars in 1863. The Muslim graveyard of  martyrs, the Babaji Kando, where Hazrat Saidu Baba camped. The Craig Picket and Eagles  Nest can still be seen while passing through Arnbela Pass. The route to Swat is quieter  and more scenic than the Malakand Pass route. The main road climbs up across 894 meters to  Buner Pass. The 45 km road from Pir Baba to Barikot passes through Mount Ilam rising  through mature pine forests to 1336 metres high Karakar Pass.

Kachi Kuni Pass

CLIMATE   The weather remains pleasant from March till October, the best season to visit the valley. LANGUAGE   The local languages are Pushto and Kohistani though Urdu and English are also spoken. SHOPPING   Swat is famous for its embroidery of table cloth, ladies shawls, table mats, gold threaded  purses, caps, woodwork, honey and precious stones. HOW TO GET THERE   Swat is linked by air with Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi. PIA flights operate daily,  subject to weather conditions. Swat is also linked by road to Rawalpindi (257 km) via  Nowshera – Mardan and Malakand Pass. Whereas from Peshawar it is 117 krn. It is also  connected to Gligit via Besham which is on the Karakoram Highway. Metalled roads connect  the various towns in Swat.

         DIR AND CHITRAL REGION

CHAKDARAFORT   Chakdara is an important town of Dir, located on the bank of Swat river. It is about 130  km away from Peshawar and 48 km away from Saidu Sharif. The Mughals built a fort here in  1586, which was later occupied by the British in 1895, who built the present fort in 1896.   CHAKDARA MUSEUM   The Chakdara Museum is situated about one km from the fort. It has an excellent collection  of Buddhist Gandhara Art, from first to seventh century AD. It helps people to learn about  the rich cultural heritage of the area.

              

CHURCHILL PICKET Close to the Chakdara Fort, a picket crowns the hillock towards the west.  This is known as the Churchill Picket because Winston Churchill came here during the  Pathan Revolt of 1879. This place was used by him for sending reports. He was then a war  correspondent. DIR   Dir is a big trading centre. It is famous for knives and daggers. The royal graveyard is  also situated by the roadside in the town. Shortly before reaching Dir, a road leads  towards east, taking the travelers to a wonderland, known as Dir Kohistan. It is the  western extension of Swat. The lush green valley of Dir Kohistan is about 100 km long. It  has many villages including Shringal and Kalkot. The mountains are covered with thick  forests. This area has still not been fully explored.

    

LOWARI PASS   This pass is 3200 m high, situated in the famous Hindu Raj Range and forms the boundary  between Dir and Chitral. The road to Chitral passes through this Pass which is closed  between November and May due to heavy snowfall. KALASH VALLEYS   The world famous Kalash People live in the three valleys of Birir, Bumburet and Rambur.  The Kalash are an ancient tribe and have a religion and a culture of their own. They have  many festivals around the year during which the men and women perform colourful dances.  The major festivals are Chilamjusht, Phool and Chawas. CHITRAL The famous town of Chitral is situated about 322 krn from Peshawar. It is  also connected to Peshawar by air. The whole area is rnountainous, having green valleys  and the towering Trichmir Peak (7700 meters) of the Hindukush. The Chitral Fort is one of  the famous monuments of the town. There is also a palace inside the fort and a beautiful  mosque outside the fort. All the foreign visitors to Chitral must register with the police  on their arrival. A permit from the Deputy Commissioner is required to visit the valleys  of Kafir Kalash. GARAM CHASHMA   Also known as “Hot Springs”. The village by the same name is about 45 km to the  north west of Chitral. The jeep journey takes about 3 hours. These hot springs contain  sulphur in their water which is good for healing skin diseases, headache and other pains  and gout. The village has a big market, where the caravans from Badakhshan bring precious  stones and other products. The town gives a look of “Caravan Sarai”. It is also  famous for “Patti” a typical woolen cloth.      SHANDUR PASS The world famous Shandur Pass is about 3738 m above sea level and lies  midway between Chitral and Gligit. The distance from both Chitral and Gilgit is about 168  km. These areas remain snow- clad in winter and turn into a green heaven during summer.  There is a big lake in the area. One can approach the Shandur Top by jeep from either  side. The traditional Polo Tournament between the Gilgit and Chitral teams is held here  every year in the month of July. Foreign tourists and natives come to see the festival. CLIMATE   Chitral has pleasant summer and extremely cold winter. Spring weather is unpredictable  with frequent rain and snowfall. Autumn has mild and pleasant temperature. LANGUAGE   Chitrali or Khowar is the local language whereas Urdu and English are also spoken.    SHOPPING   Chitral is famous for its soft hand-woven woolen material known as “Shu”  available in white black and grey colours, embroidered woolen rugs, embroidered household  linen, bags, watch straps, belts, shoes and sandals, musical instruments like sitar,  antique weapons and precious gems. Kalash Valley is important for hand crafted chairs with  leather seats, baskets, crude wooden effigies of men seated on horseback. Kalash tribal  garments and headgear with studded cowrie shells, and buttons. HOW TO GET THERE   PIA operates daily flights subject to weather conditions between Peshawar and Chitral. The  flying time is 50 minutes. To reach Chitral from Peshawar by the 365 km long partly  metalled, partly gravel topped road, it takes 12 hours. It goes via Malakand, Dir and the  3200 m high Lowari Pass, open during the summer from June till the end of October which  may close earlier in case of snowfall. Chitral can also he reached from Gilgit,in 27 hours  by jeep via Shandur Pass by a 406 km track. An alternative route is the 200 km track from  Swat. Permits are required by foreigners from the Deputy Commissioner Chitral to visit  Kalash valley. There are many private jeeps, cabs and mini buses travelling from Dir and  Peshawar. KALASH  FESTIVALS Joshi or Chilimjusht (14th and 15th May) This festival is held in spring,  when girls pick first flowers of the year. The days are marked by dancing, visiting each  other and exchanging flowers, milk and milk products. Utchal (Mid July) It is celebrated to mark the harvest of wheat and  barley. The celebration lasts for two days, which includes dancing, singing, and    feasting. Phool (20th to 21st December) The festival is to mark the reaping of  grapes and walnuts harvests. (Subject to weather conditions). Chowas (18th to 21st December) Chowas is a winter festival celebrated to  welcome the New Year. The entire population remains indoor. It is celebrated by feasting,  drinking and merry making until the elders, who sit on hill top watching the sun reaching  the orbit, then declare the advent of the new year. They come down from the hills, light  their torches, perform their dance and sacrifice goats at the altar. Nauroze (21st March) It is celebrated in ltkuh, Mastuj, and Turikho  Mulkho by Ismailis, followers of His Highness Prince Karim Agha Khan. Chitral Festival The date for celebrating the Chitral Festival is fixed  every year. The eminent features are Polo matches, equestrian sports, wrestling,  tug-of-war, colourful folk dances and music by the Kalash with exhibition of the local  handicraft.

                                                          

                                                                                                                                                                   

                        

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HISTORY OF N.W.F.P

Pakistan’s northern and western borders with China and Afghanistan are marked out by  rugged hills and mountains ranging in height from 2,000 feet (609 meters) in the  south-west to over 28,000 feet (8,535 meters) in the far north. The gateways through this  otherwise unbroken barrier are occasional natural passes. By far the best-known of these  is the Khyber Pass, which is 56 kilometers long, 40 kilometers being in Pakistan and the  remainder in Afghanistan. From the Khyber border post at Torkham, where an old sign warns  hitch-hikers that under no circumstances should they spend the night in the open in the  Pass, it is a 55 kilometer journey to the city of Peshawar. Pakistan’s capital, Islamabad,  is 227 kilometers away, Lahore 497 kilometers, and the port of Karachi 1,782 kilometers.

                A typical pathan                                 Khyber Pass

Since ancient times the Khyber has formed a vital route for overland trade between  Pakistan and Afghanistan, and a point of entry to the subcontinent for invading armies.  Its military importance is easily explained. It is wide enough to allow troops and cavalry  to march through it in disciplined ranks and its highest point, Landi Kotal, is only 3,500  feet (1067 meters) above sea-level. Beyond the Pass, beckoning enticingly to the greedy  and the bold, lies the lush Vale of Peshawar at the head of the rich and fertile Indus  Valley. In the fourth century BC, when Alexander the Great of Macedon invaded the Punjab, one  of his divisions came through the Khyber. In the tenth century AD Sabuktigin, who founded  the Ghaznivid dynasty, and his more famous son Mahmud, brought their armies through the  Pass on their way to the conquest of much of Pakistan and northern India. There is  evidence that Genghis Khan and Timurlane made use of the Pass in the thirteenth and  fourteenth centuries. Babur, the first of the Mughals, also took this route on his march  down into the subcontinent from Afghanistan in 1525. Rather more than 200 years later the  Turk Nadir Shah came the same way during the sunset of Mughal rule. What may at first be surprising is that more of the subcontinent’s invaders did not use  the Khyber Pass and that those who used it once rarely did so again. The explanation,  however, is to be found in the warlike nature of the Afridi tribesmen who have lived in  the Pass for rnillennia and have often made war or extracted tolls from those who have  tried to use it as a thoroughfare. The Greek historian Herodotus, who wrote in the fifth  century BC, knew them as the Aparutai and commented on their bravery. Many others since  then have noted their readiness to fight. Sir Robert Warburton, a British army-officer who  spent several years with the garrisons in the Khyber in the late nineteenth century, had  this to say of them: ‘The Afridi lad from his earliest childhood is taught by the  circumstances of his existence and life to distrust all mankind, and very often his near  relations, heirs to his small plot of land by right of inheritance, are his deadliest  enemies.” The British left behind a number of mementos of their long stay in the Khyber. The road  itself is the most enduring, while the weathered and faded insignia and crests of famous  regiments carved into the glowering slate walls of the Pass are the most evocative. There  is a railway too, dating back to the mid1920s. The sight of the steam train which, once a  week on Fridays, runs up from Peshawar to Landi Kotal, reinforces the sense that one has  of the Khyber Pass being outside the normal processes of time. The train has an engine at  either end-both were made in England in I931. Clouds of steam belch forth as it chugs up  and down the gradients of the Pass and in and out of the tunnels. As it pulls into the  shelter of the massive red-brick walls of Shagai Fort, built in the center of the Khyber  at around the same time as the railway, a passenger could be forgiven for thinking that  the price of his ticket had taken him not on a journey from place to place but on a  journey back into another era. A stiff climb above Shagai stands an empty picket-fort that commands a sniper’s-eye  view. The wind blows through its rifle slits and machine-gun turrets and whips under the  sill of its heavily- armored iron door, sadly recalling battles of long ago and the lonely  soldiers far from home who fought them. The British first arrived on the frontier in I849, but did not get any real control of  the Passes until the Second Afghan War, which was fought between 1878 and 1880. Though  there was a curious kind of mutual respect between the British and the tribesmen, real  peace was never established in the region. History records that more than forty British  military expeditions were obliged to take the field between 1858 and 1902.

HISTORY OF PESHAWAR, THE CAPITAL OF N.W.F.P

Peshawar derives its name from a Sanskrit word “Pushpapura”  meaning the city of flowers. Peshawar’s flowers were mentioned even in Mughal Emperor  Babur’s memoirs.

Peshawar is now, as always, very much a frontier town. The formalities of  dress and manner give way here to a free and easy style, as men encounter men with a firm  hand-clasp and a straight but friendly look. Hefty handsome men in baggy trousers and  long, loose shirts, wear bullet studded bandoleers across their chests or pistols at their  sides as a normal part of their dress.

There is just that little touch of excitement and drama in the air that  makes for a frontier land. An occasional salvo of gun fire-no, not a tribal raid or a  skirmish in the streets but a lively part of wedding celebrations.

Remember, we are in the land of the Pathans – a completely male- dominated  society. North and south of Peshawar spreads the vast tribal area where lives the biggest  tribal society in the world, and the most well- known, though much misrepresented.

Pathans are faithful Muslims. Their typical martial and religious  character has been molded by their heroes, like Khushal Khan Khattak, the warrior- poet  and Rehman Baba, a preacher and.also a poet of Pushto language.

Peshawar is the great Pathan city. And what a city! Hoary with age and the  passage of twenty-five centuries, redolent with the smell of luscious fruit and roasted  meat and tobacco smoke, placid and relaxed but pulsating with the rhythmic sound of  craftsmen’s hammers and horses’ hooves, unhurried in its pedestrian pace and  horse-carriage traffic, darkened with tall houses, narrow lanes and overhanging balconies,  intimate, with its freely intermingling crowd of townsmen, tribals, traders and tourists –  this is old Peshawar, the journey’s end or at least a long halt, for those travelling up  north or coming down from the Middle East or Central Asia, now as centuries before when  caravans unloaded in the many caravan serais now lying deserted outside the dismantled  city walls or used as garages by the modern caravans of far-ranging buses.

MOSQUE OF MAHABAT KHAN

The only significant remaining Mughal mosque in  Peshawar was built by Mahabat Khan in 1670 A.D. when he was twice Governor of Peshawar  under Mughal Emperors Shah Jehan and Aurangzeb. The mosque nearly destroyed by fire in  1898 A.D. and was only saved by unremitting efforts of the faithful. The extensive  renovation of the mosque was done by the traditional craftsman. The mosque is a fine  specimen of Mughal architecture of Emperor Shah Jehan’s period. The interior of the prayer  chamber has been lavishly decorated with floral work and calligraphy.

 

BALAHISAAR FORT

The mighty Balahisaar Fort lies on both eastern and  western approaches to Peshawar city. It meets the eye when coming from Rawalpindi or from  the Khyber. It is a massive frowning structure as its name implies, and the  newcomer  passing under the shadow of its huge battlements ramparts cannot fail to be impressed.  Originally built by Babur, the 1st of  the Moguls in 1526-30, it was rebuilt in its  present form by the Sikh Governor of Peshawar, Hari Singh Nalva, in the 1830’s under  guidance of French engineers. It houses government offices at present.

THE OLD CITY

Until the mid-fifties Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen  gates. Of the old city gates the most famous was the Kabuli Gate but only the name remains  now. It leads out to the Khyber and on to Kabul. You come across two-and-three storied  houses built mostly of unbaked bricks set in wooden frames to guard against earthquakes.  Many old houses have beautifully carved heavy wooden doors and almost all have highly  ornamental wooden balconies. There is a tall and broad structure whose lofty portal look  down upon the street. This historic building houses the police offices and the site was  occupied centuries ago by a Buddhist stupa, then by a Hindu temple and then by a Mughal  serai. It was, in Sikh days, the seat of General Avitable, an Italian soldier of fortune  in the service of Ranjit Singh.

PESHAWAR MUSEUM

Peshawar Museum is housed in an imposing building of  the British days. It was formerly the Victoria Memorial Hall built in 1905. The large  hall, side galleries and the raised platform which were used for ball dances now display  in chronological order finest specimens of Gandhara sculptures, tribal life, the Muslim  period and ethnography.

 

QISSA KHAWANI BAZAAR

Here perhaps visiting travelers or the relaxing  townsmen were regaled with stories by professional story tellers, in the evening, in the  many tea-shops that still adorn the bazaar front with their large brass samovars and  numerous hanging teapots and teacups. As in most eastern bazaars, the shops of delicacies  predominate, and here too you will find many colorful fruit shops displaying the glorious  harvest of Peshawar’s orchards. You will be waylaid by the enticing smell of Peshawar’s  unrivaled bread and justly celebrated “kababs” and “tikkas” meat  sizzling on hot coals, in the many wayside cafes. Leather goods shops are the next most  numerous selling that wonderful footwear, the Peshawari “chappals” or sandals,  belts, holsters and bandoliers and a special variety of light but sturdy suitcases called  “Yakhdaan”.

OTHER BAZAARS

As you move up, the Qissa Khawani Bazaar turns left and here begins the  bazaar of coppersmiths whose jewel-like engraved and embossed jars, bowls, ewers and  plates are piled up in shops like glistening treasure trove. Other famous bazaars of  Peshawar are the Khyber Bazaar. Bird Bazaar, Fruit Bazaar, Basket Bazaar, Andershahr  Bazaar, Jewelry Bazaar and Meena Bazaar for women and Mochidara (Shoe makers’ Bazaar). In  fact, the variety of craft in which Peshawar excels even today is amazing and this is a  part of the city’s character often eclipsed by its martial tradition. Remember that it was  in this valley of Peshawar that there flourished that remarkable school of Gandhara  sculpture (roughly from 1st century B.C. to the 5th century A.D.), which is one of the  glories of Pakistan’s heritage.

CHOWK YADGAAR

Soon you reach the central square called Chowk Yadgaar  the traditional site of political rallies. The two routes from the old city meet here.  Parking of cars can safely be done only at this place in the old city.

 

NEW PESHAWAR

Across the railway line was built the new modern Peshawar, the Cantonment,  like the ones which the British built near every major city for their administrative  offices, military barracks, residences, parks, churches’ and shops.

The Peshawar “Saddar” (Cantonment) is a spaciously laid out neat  and clean township with avenues of tall trees, wide tarred roads, large single-storied  houses with lawns and a pervading scent of rare shrubs and flowers that is Peshawar’s own.

The heart of the Saddar is the Khalid bin Walid (Company) Bagh which is an  old Mughal Garden. Its huge ancient trees and gorgeous big roses are a sight to remember.  Two other splendid old gardens are the Shahi Bagh in the north-east and the Wazir Bagh in  the south-east, all of which give the character of a garden city to Peshawar.

In the Saddar is the splendid modern State Bank building, Governor’s  House, hotels, old missionary Edwards College, a richly stocked Museum, a fine shopping  area and right in the middle is the Tourist Information Center at Dean’s Hotel (Phone:  279781).

Westward, on the road to the Khyber, where in the days  gone by, no one was safe from tribal raids, today stretches a long line of educational and  research institutions, such as the Academy of Rural Development, the Teachers Training  College, the North Regional Laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial  Research and many others.

But the pride of Peshawar today is its University, a vast sprawling garden  town of red brick buildings and velvet lawns, which comprises a dozen departments and  Colleges of Law, Medicine, Engineering and Forestry. Special mention must be made of the  Islamia College, which was the pioneer national Institution that ignited the torch of  enlightenment in this region, 67 years ago.

                                             

                        

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INTERNATIONALLY FAMOUS SHANDUR POLO FESTIVAL

World famous Shandur Polo Festival is celebrated at the world highest  polo ground near Shandur lake which lies at the Frontiers of Chitral & Gilgit. Shandur  is a frozen lake at a height of 12200 feet above sea level and is surrounded by snow  peaked mountains.Thousands of foreign tourists from all over the world enjoy the series of  matches.  Tracing back history, Polo was a training game of the Cavalry units for the  King’s guards/elite troops of Persia in the beginning which later on developed into a  popular game of Tibet, China & Japan also. It was introduced by a British officer at  the end of 19th century in Chitral. The following are the dates for the next two years:

July, 07-08- 09, 2000              July, 07-08-09, 2001

Tourists are advised to reach at Karachi / Islamabad / Peshawar Air  ports one week before and then to manage for their departure to Chitral from Peshawar by  air or by road as convenient to them. P.I.A. operate daily flights from Peshawar to  Chitral.

KHYBER STEAM SAFARI Pakistan Railways have revived Khyber steam engine Train  Safari Which   runs from Peshawar to Landikotal and passes through the famous  Khyber Pass. It is unique of its kind in the world as it traverses through zigzag  mountainous rail  track having 19 tunnels. STC promotes the Khyber Steam Safari  through   private sector tour operator. So far now many dignitaries of  international repute have enjoyed the excursion. Deputy Premier of Australia has also been  on   board on one of the occasions which was televise by A.B.C. The following  are the dates for year 2000.

Departures-2000

•Jan-30                   • Feb-20                   •March-12/26               •April-09 •May-19                  •July 09            •Aug-15                       •Sept-24            •Oct 15/29    •Nov-12/19                •Dec-03

The Tour Package includes round    trip train ride, refreshments en-route picnic lunch at LandiKotal Sightseeing tour to    Michni view point near Pak-Afghan Border.

PAGAN  KALASH REGIONAL FESTIVALS 

Kalash Tribe consisting of 4000 people is residing in a narrow valley of Kaferistan  near Chitral. It is believed that they are the descendants of the leftover ancient Greek  invaders who passed through the area under the command of Alexander the Great, The tribe  is called Kafir-Kalash and follow the old traditions.     Name of Festival                                  Dates                            Cheelim Jusht (Spring Festival)          2nd week of May     Uchal (Summer Season Festival)       2nd week of August      Pur  (Autumn Festival)                     2nd  week of October      Cheetermas (Winter Festival)          3rd week of December

VISIT  THE MAGNIFICENT BALAHISAR FORT PESHAWAR

Bala Hisar Fort is one of the most historic sites in Peshawar. Balahisar is a Persian  word which means elevated high fort. The name was given by the Afghan King Taimur Shah    (1773-1793). The Sikhs re-named it Samir Garh in 1834 but it never became popular.  The fort stands on a high mound in the north western corner of Peshawar City. The fort  being    high, gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar city &  its surrounding valley.  One can see      the mountains  encircling the region. The area covered by the inner walls of   the fort is 10  acres.  The height of the fort is about 90 feet above ground level. A War Museum  related to the Frontier Corps Units has also been established inside the fort which  displays the historical photographs, dresses and old weapons etc.

Fort open for tourists on

Saturday’s – Evenings    Sunday  – Full day

                                           

                        

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The NWFP Government as a matter of policy commissioned a Provincial institution  dedicated to the development of Tourism Industry in the Province. With this objective in  view the Chief Minister NWFP approved the STC in November, 1989. STC was incorporated as a  Public Limited Company on January 14, 1991. It has not been set up under enactment of the  Provincial Assembly/Govt. rather it was registered under Companies Ordinance-1984 by the  Deputy Registrar of Companies, NWFP Govt. of Pakistan. The first Board of Directors  meeting was held on December 18, 1991.

OBJECTIVES OF STC   Overall goal of the STC is to act as a catalyst for the promotion of sustainable tourism  development in NWFP. To achieve the above objectives the STC has adopted the following  strategies which are as under.

• Commission feasibility studies of tourism opportunities and make them available to local      as well as international investors, both local and international.
• Lease and co-develop properties with private sector.
• Promote and develop the tourism industry of NWFP by involving both the private and      public sectors.
• Fully protect and preserve the culture, traditions, history, heritage, environment, and      wild life of the target areas.
• Develop the socioeconomic conditions of the people and areas having tourism potential.
• Gradually and systematically identify and develop all the existing and potential areas      for attracting tourists both from in and outside the country.
• Introduce, promote, develop and publicize the tourism potential of NWFP in and outside      the country.
• Make the STC a self-financing organization
• Publicity and advertising of existing Tourists attraction places through billboards,      newspapers, magazines and TV.
• Training and motivation: To develop the human resources of various institutions      both private and public linked with Tourism Industry.
• Construction and development of Tourism complexes including hotels, motels, restaurants,      Rest houses & parks etc.
• Establishment of Network of Tourism Information centers throughout NWFP.
• To introduce and promote Tourism through Air, Train, Water and Road services.
• City Tour operations on a limited scale and other sighting places located in the      province.
• Leasing out of the facilities to private investors and involve private entrepreneurship      in setting up profitable and innovative recreational tourist facilities.
• Preparation of high quality documentary films of the beautiful areas of Northern Areas,      Malakand/Peshawar/Hazara Divisions important not only from tourism point of view but also      important due to their historical background, cultural heritage, tradition etc.

Interested in Tourism Business opportunities?   Tourism Infrastructure in N.W.F.P. based on these feasibility studies and locations.

1. Feasibility study for trekking & camping in Galiyat and Kaghan.
2. Preparation of master plan for Tourism in NWFP.
3. Feasibility study for the preparation of regional master plan for the promotion and      development. of Tourism in Malakand Division.
4. Feasibility study for chairlift scheme Galyat.
5. Preparation of feasibility study for National Park and Tourism facilities at Mahudand      Swat.
6. Feasibility study for additional facilities at Tourism complex Kund.
7. Feasibility study for recreation Theme Park at Tanda Dam, Kohat.
8. Feasibility study for rest & recreation park at Lake Saif-ul- Maluk.
9. Feasibility study for extension of Miandam Hill Resort.
10. Feasibility study for acquisition of land adjacent to Kabal Golf Course for construction      of Hotel at Kabal.
11. Feasibility study for the preparation of regional master plan for the promotion &      development of Tourism in Hazara Division.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN NWFP BY STC Printing and installation of hoarding, directional boards and milestones in NWFP.   Establishment of Information, centers at Peshawar, D.I.Khan, Abbottabad, Swat, Chitral.   Training of tour operators, guides, travel agents, hoteliers for promoting the tourism  sector.   Workshops to finalize the Master Plan and recommendations of the consultants and incentive  policy for the hotel/tourism sector.   Publicity & promotion of NWFP tourism through electronic media and newspapers.   Introduction of Camping and trekking tours.   Shandoor Polo Tournament.   Regional Plan for Hazara & Malakand. Chairlift in Galiyat.   Galiyat water sports activities at Tarbela & Khanpur Dams.   Taking over Behrain Park, Staff Houses & other properties with them.   Tourism complex and STC Office at Peshawar.   Procurement of Camping, trekking, mountaineering, fishing, rafting, life saving &  other equipment for sale or hire at the information centers of STC.   Publishing of Quarterly Magazines on NWFP Tourism.   Toilet facilities at Shandoor.   Establishment of library for containing tourism related books/ materials etc: at Peshawar.   Celebration of 1996 as tourism promotion year.   Printing of pictoral booklet depicting NWFP tourist spots.   Formation of tourism promotion clubs.   Development of Kalam as Tourist Resort.   Planing Cell at (Civil Secretariat).   Khyber Steam Engine Train Safari.

Address:  Managing Director, Sarhad Tourism Carporation, Block        13-A, Attached Department Building, Khyber Road, Peshawar, NWFP, PAKISTAN         Tel: 92-91-9211091, 9211090, 9210871 Fax: 92-91-9210871Email Contact: stcnwfp@psh.paknet.com.pk       

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Aashiqui 2 movie songs tum hi ho meri aashqui full song video song tum hi ho full song aashiqui brand new hindi movie songs 2013 Aashiqui 2 Tum Hi Ho Song | Aditya Roy Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor Oh Khuda | Official Video Song | Aashiqui 2 | New Hindi Movie Songs 2013

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